• W. J. Humphreys, (1920, 1929) 1940: Physics of the Air (Third Edition). New York and London: McGraw-Hill, 676 pp.

わたしが所属する大学の図書館にあった本は、A5判 横書きのハードカバーで、最初からみていくと、1940年に McGraw-Hill (New York and London) から出版されたものに見える。しかし、日本でリプリントされたものだ。巻末に日本式の奥付があって、東京の「学術文献出版社」から1943年5月31日に発行され、日本出版配給株式会社から配給されたもので、「学文出版番号 A0030」という番号があり、定価は 18円 + 特別行為税相当額 66銭となっている。また、「冨坂泰世」という人の蔵書印がある。この人から大学に寄贈されたのかもしれない (確認していないが)。

【わたしがこの本を読むことにしたきっかけは、別ブログの [2025-01-03 1831年 (天保2年) の火山噴火は千島のシムシル島でおきたという報告をめぐってかんがえていること] の記事に書いたように、今村 明恒 の1945年と1946年の論文の参考文献としてあげられていたからである。ただしその論文の注には本書の著者名と書名とページ番号があったが発行年がなかった。第3版で今村があげているページ番号を見たが対応する記述はなかった。今村の参考文献のうちにある荒川秀俊の1943年の論文の注には発行年「1920」 があるので、今村が参照したのは初版だろうと推測しているが、わたしはまだ初版を直接確認していない。】

1940年代までの気象学の教科書としてはおそらくいちばん充実したものだったので、日本でもリプリントされるだけの需要があったのだろう。初版への序文によると、1914年に San Diego Aviation School (Rockwell Field) で講義がおこなわれた。その教材やそれにつづく内容が、「the Journal of the Franklin Institute」に 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 年にのった。それをもとに初版が出版された。1929年 (序文の日付は1928年12月) の第2版からは、McGraw-Hill から出版されている。【第2次世界大戦のときアメリカで航空の軍事利用のために気象の専門教育をするところがふえたのは知っていたのだが、そのまえに第1次世界大戦にともなう進展があったのだ。】

内容は大きく5部からなる。
第1部は、表題は「大気の力学と熱力学」となっているが、大気の全地球規模から小規模までさまざまな循環、放射、水の蒸発と凝結・降水による現象まで、気象学全部ではないものの現代でも「気象学」ということばから想像されやすい話題の大部分をふくんでいる。ただし放射のところが太陽放射をさす insolation を表題としており、地球放射 (地球上の物体が出す赤外線) も話題にはふくまれているのだが いまからみるとあつかいが簡単すぎる。太陽放射の散乱に関することは第4部であつかわれている。

第2部から第4部までは、われわれが「気象学」にはふくめないことがおおいが「大気の物理」ならばふくめられる話題。
第2部は大気電気で、オーロラをふくむ。大気電気といえば雷も重要だが、本書ではそれは第1部の最後の章という形になって、第2部につづいている。
第3部は大気中の音波に関すること。
第4部は大気光学現象。

第5部は気候とその変動について、物理にもとづいた原因の議論。
まず気候を「control」する「factors」を15個列挙している。この control は人工的に制御しようという話ではなく、自然現象としての気候の分布と変動の原因となっているという意味だ。第5部の章や節の表題には通し番号でない番号がふくまれていることがあるが、それはこの factor につけられた番号だ。ひとまずこの factor を英語のまま列挙しておく。
Chief factors of climatic control (第5部第1章 580ページ)
1. Latitude
2. Brightness of moon and planets
3. Solar “constant” at a fixed distance
4. Solar distance
5. Obliquity of ecliptic
6. Periheriln phase
7. Extent and composition of the atmosphere
8. Vulcanism
9. Sun spots
10. Land elevation
11. Land and water distribution
12. Atmospheric circulation
13. Ocean circulation
14. Surface covering
15. Locations of continents

いまの概念でいうと気候システムのエネルギー収支に影響をあたえる要因をあげているが、12, 13番は、いまならば気候システムの内部変数としてあつかうだろう大気と海洋の循環を外部要因であるかのようにあげている。おそらく、climate ということばでおもに想定しているのは地上気温だったのだろう。

第5部の第2章では第四紀の氷期サイクルをとりあげ、原因に関する説として、太陽黒点、地球の軌道要素 (Croll の理論)、大気中の二酸化炭素濃度を並列に紹介している。

第5部の重点は火山噴火 (factorの9番) の影響にある。第5部の第3章では、火山噴火によってでてきた dust (火山灰と硫酸液滴を区別する考えはまだなかったようだ) が大気中の太陽放射と地球放射の伝達にどのような影響をあたえるかの理論的考察をしている。第4章では、観測事実からみて噴火が気候に影響したとおもわれるという議論をしている。巻末折りこみになっているグラフでは、1880年以後の観測データをつかって、日射量と気温の時系列がしめされている。日射量の観測点は、1883年には 1地点 (フランスの Montpellier) で、1907年には5地点にふえている。著者はそれをくみあわせて1つの時系列をつくっている。気温については、アメリカ合衆国の17地点、ヨーロッパの7地点、インドの1地点の、長期平均からの偏差の、著者がきめた地域別の重みをつけた平均値をしめしてある。火山噴火は数量化されず噴火の時点に火山名がかかれている。ほかに太陽黒点数がしめされている。日射量には大きな火山噴火のあとに減少がみられ、これと太陽活動とで気温の (年々変動をならした、十年周期ぐらいの時間スケールの) 変動が説明できそうだという議論をしているようだ (わたしはまだ議論の理屈を追うことができていない)。【なお、今村明恒の論文をみると、1920年の初版には、1830年代の日射量減少と気温低下の議論があったようなのだが、おそらくその時代の日射量の観測はじゅうぶん定量的なものではなかったので、第3版ではとりあげるのをやめたのだろう。】

折りかえしのあとに目次をつける。

===== 目次 =====
Preface to the Third Edition (1940-10)
Preface to the Second Edition (1928-12)
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
Part 1. Mechanics and Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere
Chapter 1. Observations
– Measured Phenomena
– – Temperature
– – Pressure
– – Wind Velocity
– – Wind Direction
– – Humidity Definitions (Absolute, Relative, Specific, Mixing Ratio, Dew Point, Saturation Deficit)
– – Humidity Instrumentation
– – Cloudiness
– – Kinds of Clouds
– – – Convection Clouds
– – Precipitation
– – Evaporation
– – Sunshine
– – Radiatoin
– – Electrical Condition
– – Optical Phenomenta
– – Visibility
– Sources of Meteorological Information
Chapter 2. Some Theoretical Relations between Temperature, Pressure, and Volume in the Atmosphere
– – Dry Air
– – Humid Air
– – Entropy and Potential Temperature
– – The Entropy of Humid Air
– – Equivalent Temperature
– – Temperature Changes of a Rising (or Falling) Isolated Mass of Air
– – Change of Lapse Rate Due to Adiabatic Vertical Convection
– – Lapse Rate in Non-adiabatic Convection
– – Work of Expanding Air
– – Work Done on a Mass of Ascending Air
Chapter 3. Observed Vertical Temperature Gradients
– – Average Vertical Distribution of Temperature during Summer and during Winter
– – Atmospheric Stratification
– – Why the Atmosphere Is Stratified
– – Why the Temperature of the Atmosphere Decreases with Increase of Height
– – Temperature Inversions
Chapter 4. The Isothermal Region, or Stratosphere
– – Physical Explanation of the Existence of the Stratosphere
– Inequality of Seasonal Temperature Change of Lower and Upper Atmosphere
– Height of the Stratosphere
– Storm Effects on Temperature Gradients
– Relation of the Stratosphere to Latitude
Chapter 5. Composition, Pressure, and Density of the Atmosphere
– – Composition of Surface Air
– Barometric Hypsometry
– – Standard Atmosphere
– Composition and Pressure of the Atmosphere at Different Levels
– Density of the Atmosphere
– Mass of the Atmosphere and Its Constituents
– – Change of Density with Height
– – Level of Constant Density
Chapter 6. Insolation
– – Factors of Insolation
– Solar Output of Radiatino
– Distance from Sun
– Solar Altitude
– Transmission and Absorption
– Disposal of Solar Radiation
– Effect of Clouds on Incoming and Outgoing Radiation
– Planetary Temperature and Absorbing Shell
Chapter 7. Atmospheric Circulation : General Principles
– Introduction
– Vertical Convection of the Atmosphere
– – General Considerations
– – – Local Convection
– – Interzonal Drift
– – – Change of Veolcity with Change of Latitude
– – Law of Conservation of Areas
– – Deflection Due to the Earth’s Rotation
– – Rate of Change of Wind Direction
– – Centrifugal Deflecting Force of Winds
– – Relative Values of Centrifugal and Rotational Components
– – Total Horizontal Deflecting Force
– Gradient Wind
– – Gradient Veolcity
– – Gradient Velocity Nomogram
– – Automatic Adjustment of Winds in Direction and Velocity
Chapter 8. Atmospheric Circulation: General Principles (Continued)
– Variation of Wind with Height
– – Irregularities, Gusts of Puffs
– – Ekman Spiral
– – Mathematical Theory
– Observations
– – Physical Theory
– – The Half-kilometer Maximum and One-kilometer Minimum Velocities
– – Wind Veolcities from the Ekman Spiral
– – Empirical Wind Velocity Equations
– – Horizontal Pressure Gradient and Elevation
– – Constancy of Mass Flow: Egnell’s Law
– – Relation of Velocity to Altitude above 5 Kilometers
– – Level of Maximum Horizontal Pressure Gradient
– – Season of Greatest Winds
– – Latitude of Gratest Winds
– – Hours of Greatest and Least Winds
– – Diurnal Shift of the Wind
– – Normal State of the Atmosphere
– – Equatorial East to West Winds
– – Probable Interzonal Circulation of the Stratosphere
– Classification of Winds
Chapter 9. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued): Winds of Local Origin
– Winds Due to Local Heating
– – Whirlwinds
– – Auto-convection Gradient
– – Whirlies
– – Cumulus Convection
– – Valley Breeze
– – Sea Breeze
– Winds Due to Cooling
– – Land Breeze
– – Mountain Breeze,or Gravity Wind
– – Mountain Convections
– – Glacier Winds
– – The Bora
– – Mistral
– – Santa Ana
– – Norwegian Fallwinds
– – Continental Fallwinds
– Winds Due to Simultaneous Adjacent Local Heating and Local Cooling
– – Thunderstorm Winds
Chapter 10. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued)
– Winds Due to Widespread Heating and Cooling
– – Monsoons
– – Trade Winds
– – Antitrade Winds
– – Tropical cyclones
– – – Distinction between Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones
– – – Place of Occurrence
– – – Size and Shape of Storm
– – – Direction of Wind
– – – Velocity of Wind
– – – Direction of Travel
– – – Velocity of Travel
– – – Origin and Maintenance
– – Energy
Chapter 11. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued)
– Exratropical Cyclones
– – General Remarks
– – Size
– – Direction of Movement of the Cyclonic Center
– – Locus of Maximum Cyclonic Frequency or Chief Paths of Cyclonic Storms
– – Velocity of Travel
– – Frequency
– – Direction of Winds
– – Deflection Angle
– – Wind Velocity
– – Convection
– – Velocity of Travel and Amount of Precipitation
– – Classifiation
– – Thermal
– – Insolational
– – Mechanical
– – Former, or Convectional Theory of the Cyclone
– – Present Theory of the Origin and Maintenance of the Extratropical Cyclone
– – Possible Cyclones in the Stratosphere
– Anticyclones
– – Mechanical
– – Velocity and Path of Travel
– – Wind Velocity
– – Origin, Course, and End of the Migratory Anticyclone
– – Radiational
– – – Transitory
– – Thermal
– – Identifying an Air Mass
– – Historical
Chapter 12. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued)
– – Eddies
– – Maloja Wind
– – Foehn, Chinook
– – Tornado
– – Waterspout
Chapter 13. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued)
– Winds Adverse to Aviation
– – General Statement
– – Air Fountains
– – Air Sinks
– – Air Cataracts
– – Cloud Currents
– – Aerial Cascades
– – Wind Layers
– – Wind Billows
– – Wind Gusts
– – Wind Eddies
– – Air Torrents
– – Air Breakers
– – Classification
Chapter 14. Barometric Fluctuations
– – Seasonal Pressure Changes
– – Regional Pressure Changes
– – Pressure Surge
– – Storm Pressure Changes
– – Barometric “Ripples”
– – Diurnal, Semidiurnal, Terdiurnal Pressure Changes
– – Diurnal Pressure Changes
– – Semidiurnal Pressure Changes
– – Terdiurnal Pressure Changes
– – Tidal Pressure Changes
Chapter 15. Evaporation and Condensation
– – Introduction
– Evaporation
– – Evaporation into Still Air
– – Evaporation into a Steady Horizontal Wind
– – Evaporation in the Open
– – – Salinity
– – – Dryness of the Air
– – – Velocity of the Wind
– – – Barometric Pressure
– – – Area of Surface
– – Temperature of Water
– – Energy Equations of Evaporation
– – Empirical Evaporation Equations
– Condensation
– – Condensation Due to Contact Cooling
– – Condensation Due to Radiation
– – Condensation Due to Mixing
– – Condensation Due to Dynamic Cooling
– – “Peeudoadiabatic” Convection
– – Tephigram, or T (temprature) – phi (entropy) – gram
– – Principal Forms of Condensation
– – How Raindrops Are Formed
– – The Mass Grouping of Raindrops
– – Velocity of Fall of Raindrops
– – – Intensity of Precipitation
– – Why the Atmosphere Generally Is Unsaturated
– – Summer and Winter Precipitation
– – Summer Daytime and Nighttime Precipitation in the United States
Chapter 16. Fogs and Clouds
– – Distinction between Fog and Cloud
– Fogs
– – Radiation Fog
– – Advection Fog
– Clouds
– – Classification
– – Cirrus
– – Cirrostratus
– – Cirrocumulus
– – Altostratus
– – Altocumulus
– – Stratocumulus
– – Nimbostratus
– – Fractonimbus
– – Cumulus
– – Fractocumulus
– – Cumulonimbus
– – Stratus
– Special Cloud Forms
– – Billow Cloud
– – Lenticular Cloud
– – Crest Cloud
– – Banner Cloud
– – Scarf Cloud
– – False Cirrus
– – Mammatocumulus
– – Tornado or Funnel Cloud
– – Nacreous Cloud
– – Noctilucent Cloud
– Cloud Heights
– – Relation to Humidity
– – Levels of Maximum Cloudiness
– – Regions of Minimum Cloudiness
– – Cloud Depth or Thickness
– – Cloud Velocities
Chapter 17. The Thunderstorm
– – Introduction
– – Origin of Thunderstorm Electricity
– – Violent Motions of Cumulus Clouds
– – Conventional Instability
– – Periodic Recurrence of Thunderstorms
– – Daily Land Period
– – Daily Ocean Period
– – Yearly Land Period
– – Yearly Ocean Period
– – Cyclic Land Period
– – Cyclic Ocean Period
– – Geographic Distribution
– – Frequency of Thunderstorms and Lightning
– – Pressure and Temperature Distribution
– – Thunderstorm Winds
– – The Squall Cloud
– – Schematic Illustrations
– – Thunderstorm Pressures
– – Thunderstorm Temperatures
– – Thunderstorm Humidity
– – “Rain-gush”
– – Thunderstorm Velocity
– – Hail
Chapter 18. Lightning
– – Introduction
– – Streak Lightning
– – Rocket Lightning
– – Ball Lightning
– – Sheet Lightning
– – Beaded Lightning
– – Return Lightning
– – Dark Lightning
– – Duration
– – Length of Streak
– – Discharge, Where to Where?
– – Discharges Direct, Not Alternating
– – Direction of Discharge
– – Temperature
– – Visibility
– – Spectrum
– – Thunder
– – Rumbling
– – Distance Heard
– – The Ceraunograph
– – Chemical Effects
– – Explosive Effects
– – Crushing Effects
– – Quantity of Electricity in Discharge
– – Energy and Power of Discharge
– – – Danger
– Lightning Protection
– – Conductors
– – Terminals
– – System
– – Joints
– – Bends
– – Attachment
– – Ground Connections
– – Connection to Neighboring Conductors
– – Special Dangers
Part 2. Atmospheric Electricity and Auroras
Chapter 1. Atmospheric Electricity
– – Chief Discoveries
– Electrical Field of the Earth
– – Instruments
– – Potential Gradient Near the Surface
– – Location Effect
– – Annual Variation
– – Diurnal Variation
– – Potential Gradient and Meteorological Elements
– – Dust Clouds
– – Potential Gradient and Elevation
– – Surface and Volume Charges, Etc.
– Electrical Conductivities of the Atmosphere
– – Annual Variation
– – Diurnal Variation
– – Relation to Weather
– – Conductivity and Elevation
– Ionic Content of the Air
– – Ionic Density
– – Ionic Velocity
– – Large or Langevin Ions
– Electric Currents in the Atmosphere
– Radioactive Content of the Atmosphere
– Penetrating Radiation
– Origin and Maintenance of the Earth’s Charge
Chapter 2. Aurora Polaris
– – Types
– – Latitude Variation
– – Periodicity
– – Color
– – Height
– – Cause
Part 3. Meteorological Acoustics
Chapter 1. Meteorological Effects on Sound
– – Introduction
– – Nature of Sound
– – Seeing Sound
– Velocity of Sound
– – Velocity of Sound in Still Air
– – Relation of Sound Velocity to Condition of Air
– – Doppler Effect
– – Sound Perception in the Inverse Order of Sound Production
– – Velocity of Intense Sounds
– Sound Reflection
– – Reflection by a Rigid Surface
– – Reflection by a Free Surface
– – Reflection at an Air Interface
– – Laws of Sound Reflection
– – Echo
– Sound Refraction
– – Sound Refraction in Still Air of Uniform Temperature
– – Spread of Sound
– – Sound Refration by Straightaway Winds
– – Zones of Silence
– Locating by Sound
– – Sound Pointing
– – Sound Ranging, Dissipation of Sound
– – Sounds to and from Elevated Points
Chapter 2. Sounds of Meteorological Origin
– Creaking of Snow
– Thunder
– – Musical Thunder
– – Duration
– – Rumbling
– – Distance Heard
– Brontides
– Howling of the Wind
– Humming of Wires
– Whispering of Trees
– Murmuring of Forest
– Roaring of the Mountain
– Odds and Ends
Part 4. Atmospheric Optics
Chapter 1. Perspective Phenomena
– – Apparent Stair-step Ascent of Clouds
– – Apparent Arching of Cloud bands
– – Apparent Divergence and Convergence of Crepuscular Rays
– – Apparent Divergence of Auroral Streamers
– – Apparent Shape (Flat Vault) of the Sky
– – Change with Elevation of Apparent Size of Sun and Moon
– – Change with Elevation of Apparent distance between Stars
Chapter 2. ReflectionRefraction Phenomena: Atmosperic Refraction
– – Astronomical Refraction
– – Scintillation or Twinkling and Unsteadiness of Stars
– – Scintillation of Planets, Sun and Moon
– – Nature of Irregularities
– – Shadow Bands
– – Terrestrial Scintillation
– – Shimmering
– – Optical Haze
– – Times of Rising and Setting of Sun, Moon, and Stars
– – Green Flash
– – Terrestrial Refraction
– – Looming
– – Towering
– – Sinking
– – Stooping
– – Superior Mirage
– – Inferior Mirage
– – Lateral Mirage
– – Fata Morgana
Chapter 3. Refraction Phenomena: Refraction by Water Drops
– Rainbow
– – Principal Bows
– – Supernumarary Bows
– – Deviation in Direction of Emerging from Entering Ray
– – Minimum Deviation
– – Entering and Emerging Rays
– – Formation of the Bow
– – Minimum Brightness between Primary and Secondary Bows
– – Origin of Supernumerary Bows
– – Equation of Portion of Outgoing Wave Front near Ray of Minimum Deviation
– – Intensity and Its Variation with Angular Distance from the Ray of Minimum Deviation
– – Distribution of Colors in the Rainbow
– – Relation of Size of Drop and Wave Length to Intensity
– – Popular Questions about the Rainbow
– – Reflected Rainbows
– – Reflection Rainbows
– – Horizontal Rainbow
– – Why There Is No Visible Rainbow without Internal Reflection
Chapter 4. Refraction Phenomena: Refraction by Ice Crystals
– – Introduction
– – Prismatic Refraction
– – Deviation
– – Minimum Deviation
– – Refraction of Skew Rays
– – Alternative Derivation of Bravais’ Laws of Refraction
– – Internal Total Reflection and Its Effect on th Passage of Light through Ice Crystals
– – General Illumination of the Sky through Ice Crystals
– – Parhelia of 22 deg.
– – Halo of 22 deg.
– – Arcs of Lowitz, or Vertical Arcs of the 22 deg. Parhelia
– – Tangent Arcs of Halo of 22 deg.
– – Frequency of Horizontal and Rarity of Vertical Tangent Arcs
– – Parry and Parryoid Arcs
– – Parhelia of 46 deg.
– – Halo of 46 deg.
– – Halo of 90 deg.
– – Antisolar Halo of 44 deg.
– – Antisolar Halo of 38 deg.
– – Circumzenithal Arc
– – Kern’s Arc
– – Circumhorizontal Arc
– – Lateral Tangent Arcs of Halo of 46 deg.
– – Infralateral Tangent Arcs of Halo of 46 deg.
– – Supralateral Tangent Arcs
– – – Halos of Unusual Radii
– – Secondary Halos
– – Singular Halos
– – Horizontal Halos
Chapter 5. Reflection Phenomena
– – Parhelic Circle
– – Anthelion
– – Anthelic Borders
– – Anthelic Arcs
– – Oblique Heliac Arcs
– – Parhelia of 120 deg.
– – Perhelia of 90 deg.
– – Perhelia of Variable Position
– – Parhelic Arcs of 120 deg.
– – Pillars
– – Crosses
– Recent Halo Complexes
Chapter 6. Diffraction Phenomena
– – Coronas
– – Aureole
– – Size of Cloud Particles
– – Droplets vs. Ice Needles as Producers of Coronas
– – Iridescent Clouds
– – Bishop’s Ring
– – Glory or Brocken-bow
– – Heiligenschein
Chapter 7. Phenomena Due to Scattering: Color of the Sky
– – Early Ideas
– – Modern Theory
– – Extinction Coefficient
– – Sky Brightness
– – Prevailing Color
– – Twilight Colors
– – Duration of Twilight
– – Twilight Illumination
Chapter 8. Phenomena Due to Scattering: Sky Polarization
– – Condition of Primary Scattered Light
– – Condition of Secondary Scattered Light
Part 5. Factors of Climatic Control
Chapter 1. General Summary
– – Introduction
– Facts of Climatic Changes
– Existing Factors of Climatic Control
Chapter 2. Principal Ice-Age Theories
– Factors 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
– – (3) Solar Variation Theory
– – (4, 5, 6) Croll’s Eccentricity Theory
– – (7) Carbon Dioxide Theory
Chapter 3. (8) Vulcanism: Theory
– Gaseous Contribution to the Atmosphere
– Change in Surface Covering
– Dust in the Upper Atmosphere
– – Physical Structure of the Atmosphere
– – Size of Volcanic Dust Particle
– – Times of Fall
– – Action of Dust on Solar Radiation
– – Action of Dust on Terrestrial Radiation
– – Number of Dust Particles
– – Temperature Correction Due to Dust Radiation
– – Total Quantity of Dust
– – Effect of Dust on the Interzonal Temperature Gradient
Chapter 4. Vulcanicm: Observational
– – Pyrheliometric Records
– – Temperatures at the Surface of the Earth
– – Relation of World Temperatures to Pyrheliometric Values
– – Sun Spots and Temperature
– – Combined Effect of Insolation and Sun-spot Influence on Atmospheric Temperatures
– – Temperature Variations Since 1750 as Influenced by Sun Spots and Volcanic Eruptions
– – Volcanic Disturbances of Atmospheric Temperature Since 1750
– – Magnitude and Importance of Actual Temperature Changes
Chapter 5. Other Factors of Climatic Control
– – (8)(9) Sun Spots
– – – How Sun Spots May Change Earth Temperatures
– Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Temperature
– – (10) Land Elevation
– – (11) Changes in Land Area
– – (12, 13) Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation
– – – Present Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations
– – – Possible Changes in Oceanic Circulation and the Obvious Climatic Results
– – (14) Surface Covering
– – (15) Locations of Continents
– Chronological Relation of Geological Events
– Conclusion
Appendix 1. Gradient Wind Veolcity Tables
– Table 1. Gradient Wind Velocity for Cyclonic Movement
– Table 2. Gradient Wind Velocity for Anticyclonic Movement
Appendix 2. Constants and Equivalents
– Standard Values
– Temperature Scales
– Linear Equivalents
– Veolcity Equivalents
– Weight Equivalents
– Pressure Equivalents
– Black-body Radiation
– Wind Pressure
Index
巻末折りこみの図 Fig. 227 (Part 5, Chap 4, p. 613 から参照されている)
===== ここまで =====