{"id":9236,"date":"2020-04-13T03:31:56","date_gmt":"2020-04-12T18:31:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=9236"},"modified":"2020-04-14T14:19:53","modified_gmt":"2020-04-14T05:19:53","slug":"chester-f-ropelewski-phillip-a-arkin-2019-climate-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=9236","title":{"rendered":"Chester F. Ropelewski &#038; Phillip A. Arkin (2019) Climate Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Chester F. <strong>Ropelewski<\/strong> &#038; Phillip A. <strong>Arkin<\/strong>, 2019: <em>Climate Analysis<\/em>. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University press, 341 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-89616-0 (hardback); 978-4-101390934740-6 (online; &#8220;Cambridge Core&#8221; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781139034746 ).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2019\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u305f\u672c\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f2020\u5e743\u6708\u3001\u307b\u304b\u306e\u672c\u3092\u6ce8\u6587\u3059\u308b\u3064\u3044\u3067\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u307f\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3046\u3061\u306b\u307f\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3082\u6ce8\u6587\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0(\u5927\u6c17\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u3001\u96ea\u6c37\u3001\u9678\u9762)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u89e3\u6790\u306e\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u3060\u3002\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u60f3\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u521d\u7d1a\u304b\u6c17\u8c61\u696d\u52d9\u5b98\u5e81\u30fb\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u4f1a\u793e\u306a\u3069\u306b\u5c31\u8077\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u305f\u3081\u306e\u4e88\u5099\u77e5\u8b58\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u5fdc\u7528\u3057\u3066\u307f\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306b\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u8a9e\u306b\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u5929\u5019\u300d\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3070\u304c\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6570\u304b\u6708\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u6642\u9593\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u3092 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\/>\n\u6c17\u5019\u89e3\u6790\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u3001\u3064\u304e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u308f\u3051\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u76ee\u7684\u306f?<\/li>\n<li>\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u3048\u3089\u3076<\/li>\n<li>\u624b\u6cd5\u3092\u3048\u3089\u3076<\/li>\n<li>\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u8a71\u3002\u5927\u304d\u304f\u308f\u3051\u3066\u3001\u5730\u70b9\u3054\u3068\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3068\u3001\u5834\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf(\u305d\u306e\u304a\u304a\u304f\u306f\u683c\u5b50\u578b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf)\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u683c\u5b50\u578b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u540c\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3084\u3001\u885b\u661f\u89b3\u6e2c\u304b\u3089\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c3\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306f\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u5927\u6c17\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3044\u5bfe\u6d41\u570f (\u3059\u3053\u3057\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u3082) \u306b\u304b\u304e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u89b3\u6e2c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5834\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u30ea\u30e2\u30fc\u30c8\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0(\u9060\u9694\u89b3\u6e2c)\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u5834\u89b3\u6e2c\u306b\u306f\u5730\u4e0a\u3068\u4e0a\u7a7a(\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u73fe\u696d\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u300c\u9ad8\u5c64\u300d)\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30ea\u30e2\u30fc\u30c8\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u885b\u661f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u683c\u5b50\u578b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4f5c\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3002\u300c\u518d\u89e3\u6790\u300d\u3082\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c4\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u306evariability (\u300c\u5909\u52d5\u6027\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3079\u304d\u304b?)<br \/>\n\u3053\u3053\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u3080\u3057\u308d\u300c\u5929\u5019\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3079\u304d\u3060\u304c\u3001\u4fbf\u5b9c\u4e0a\u300c\u6c17\u5019\u300d\u3067\u3068\u304a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3002<br \/>\n\u5b63\u7bc0\u5909\u5316\u3001\u5b63\u7bc0\u3088\u308a\u3082\u77ed\u3044\u6642\u9593\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u5909\u52d5 (\u5b63\u7bc0\u5185\u5909\u52d5)\u3001\u5e74\u3005\u5909\u52d5(\u30a8\u30eb\u30cb\u30fc\u30cb\u30e7\u30fb\u5357\u65b9\u632f\u52d5(ENSO)\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4ee3\u8868\u4f8b)\u3001\u5341\u5e74\u898f\u6a21\u5909\u52d5\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c5\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5909\u5316(change)\u3002\u3053\u3053\u306eclimate\u306f\u300c\u5929\u5019\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\u307e\u305a\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5909\u5316\u30fb\u5909\u52d5\u3092\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u306b\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5f37\u5236\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5909\u5316\u3068\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u90e8\u5909\u52d5\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9577\u671f\u7684\u5909\u5316\u50be\u5411\u3068\u3001\u632f\u52d5\u7684\u5909\u52d5\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u6e90\u3002\u89b3\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3001\u6a5f\u5668\u89b3\u6e2c\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3080\u304b\u3057\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u60c5\u5831 (\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b proxy records)\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u6570\u5024\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u5730\u8cea\u7684\u6642\u9593\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u3002\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5916\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f37\u5236\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u592a\u967d\u5149\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306e\u91cf\u3001\u6d77\u9678\u914d\u7f6e\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u6570\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u306e\u6642\u9593\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u8981\u56e0\u3002\u592a\u967d\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u706b\u5c71\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u4eba\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\u8d77\u6e90\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u3002\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u6c17\u4f53\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3001\u30a8\u30fc\u30ed\u30be\u30eb\u3001\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u95a2\u9023\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u30fb\u755c\u7523\u95a2\u9023\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u4eba\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\u8d77\u6e90\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u304c\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u3042\u3061\u3053\u3061\u306b\u3059\u3067\u306b\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c6\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6(\u6c17\u6e29)\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002<br \/>\n\u6c17\u6e29\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u6c17\u5019\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u3064\u304b\u3046\u3046\u3048\u3067\u8003\u616e\u3059\u3079\u304d\u89b3\u6e2c\u306e\u8cea\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u89b3\u6e2c\u6a5f\u5668\u3001\u89b3\u6e2c\u5834\u6240\u306e\u79fb\u8ee2\u3001\u89b3\u6e2c\u5834\u6240\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u3001\u89b3\u6e2c\u6642\u523b\u3001\u6570\u91cf\u306e\u5358\u4f4d\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u300d\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306e\u8a71\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\nStrangeways (2010)\u306e\u672c\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306a\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u3042\u3064\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001Strangeways \u306f\u73fe\u5834\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u8005\u306e\u305f\u3061\u3070\u306b\u91cd\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u306f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5229\u7528\u8005\u306e\u305f\u3061\u3070\u3067\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c7\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002<br \/>\n\u5730\u4e0a\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u885b\u661f\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u304f\u307f\u3042\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u91cd\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u885b\u661f\u89b3\u6e2c\u306b\u306f\u3001\u53ef\u8996\u30fb\u8d64\u5916\u3001\u30de\u30a4\u30af\u30ed\u6ce2\u53d7\u52d5\u89b3\u6e2c\u3001\u30de\u30a4\u30af\u30ed\u6ce2\u80fd\u52d5\u89b3\u6e2c(\u30ec\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc)\u3092\u3075\u304f\u3080\u3002Arkin\u3055\u3093\u304c\u50cd\u3044\u3066\u304d\u305f\u5206\u91ce\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c8\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002<br \/>\n\u6d77\u9762\u6c34\u6e29\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u8239\u3084\u30d6\u30a4\u306b\u3088\u308b\u73fe\u5834\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u3001\u885b\u661f\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u3092\u304f\u307f\u3042\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u91cd\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c (XBT(\u6295\u4e0b\u578b\u6c34\u6e29\u8a08)\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30b4\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc\u30c8\u3001\u4fc2\u7559\u7cfb\u306a\u3069)\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c9\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u96ea\u6c37\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002<br \/>\n\u7a4d\u96ea\u3068\u6d77\u6c37\u306b\u91cd\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6c37\u5e8a\u30fb\u6c37\u6cb3\u3001\u6c37\u5c71\u3001\u6e56\u3084\u5ddd\u306e\u6c37\u3001\u6c38\u4e45\u51cd\u571f\u306b\u3082\u3075\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u9593\u306b\u7a4d\u96ea\u3001\u6d77\u6c37\u306a\u3069\u306b\u3069\u3093\u306a\u5909\u52d5\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306e\u8a71\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c10\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u9678\u9762\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002<br \/>\n(\u3044\u307e\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u5468\u671f\u5e2f\u3067\u306f)\u304b\u308f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u7279\u5fb4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6d77\u9678\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u5730\u5f62(\u6a19\u9ad8)\u3001\u690d\u751f\u578b\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5909\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u7279\u5fb4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u571f\u58cc\u6c34\u5206\u3001\u690d\u751f\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u304c\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u307e\u305f\u3001\u9678\u9762\u306e\u6c34\u53ce\u652f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068 \u304b\u3093\u3070\u3064 \u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c11\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002\u3068\u304f\u306b\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u89e3\u6790\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3064\u304b\u308f\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3002\u9006\u3080\u304d\u306b\u3001\u89b3\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u3001\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u691c\u8a3c(verification \u3068 validation [\u3053\u308c\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3057\u3066\u306e\u3079\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u306f\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u3044])\u306b\u3064\u304b\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c12\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u5019(climate\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u300c\u5929\u5019\u300d)\u306e\u30e2\u30cb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u4e88\u5831(\u5b63\u7bc0\u4e88\u5831)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002NOAA CPC\u3084\u305d\u306e\u307b\u304b\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u73fe\u696d\u6a5f\u95a2\u3067\u3069\u3093\u306a\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c0\u30af\u30c8\u304c\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u304c\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u5e81\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3082\u3059\u3053\u3057\u3067\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6587\u732e<\/strong><br \/>\n(\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3057\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u3082\u3068\u304c\u540c\u3058\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u3044\u305f\u3002\u307b\u304b\u306e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3088\u3044\u672c\u306f\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u5206\u91ce\u3067Cambridge\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u304d\u3089\u304b\u3060\u3002)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Roger <strong>Daley<\/strong>, 1993: <em>Atmospheric Data Analysis<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45825-2.<\/li>\n<li>Ian <strong>Strangeways<\/strong>, 2006: <em>Precipitation: Theory, Measurement and Distribution<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85117-6 (hardcover), 978-0-521-17292-9 (paperback).<\/li>\n<li>Ian <strong>Strangeways<\/strong>, 2010: <em>Measuring Global Temperatures: Their Analysis and Interpretation<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89848-5. <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=309\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hans <strong>von Storch<\/strong> &#038; Francis W. <strong>Zwiers<\/strong>, 2002: <em>Statistical Analysis in Climate Research<\/em>. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01230-0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b \u304f\u308f\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n== \u76ee\u6b21 ==<br \/>\nContents<br \/>\nForeword \/Antonio J. Busalacchi, Jr.<br \/>\nPreface<br \/>\nAcknowledgments<br \/>\nList of Abbreviations and Acronyms<br \/>\n1. Earth&#8217;s Climate System<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.2 Components of the Climate System<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.3 Interactions among Components<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.4 Forcing Agents<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.5 Cycles in the Climate System<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 1.5.1 Forced Cycles<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 1.5.2 Process Cycles<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 1.5.3 Phenomenological Cycles<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.6 Outline of the Book<br \/>\n2. Climate Analysis: Goals and Methods<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.2 The Basics of Climate Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.1 Step I &#8212; Identify the Purpose of the Climate Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; To Describe the Current State of the Climate<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; To Identify Patterns of Climate Variability and Change<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; To Test Hypotheses of Variability and Change<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; To Compare Observations against Model Simulations or Forecasts<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.2 Step II &#8212; Select or Develop the Appropriate Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; [Box 2.1] Data Availability and Access<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Data Selection &#8212; Compatibility between the Temporal Characteristics of the Data and Phenomenon Being Examined<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Data Selection &#8212; Compatibility between the Spatial Characteristics of the Data and Phenomenon Being Examined<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.3 Step III &#8212; Apply the Appropriate Analysis Tools<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.4 Step IV &#8212; Critically Interpret the Results of the Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.3 Analysis of Data from a Single Location<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3.1 Changes in Instrument Location<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; [Box 2.2] Large-Scale Influence of Undocumented Changes in Station Location<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3.2 Changes in Instrumentation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3.3 Changes in the Instrument&#8217;s Environment<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.4 Analysis of Data Fields<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.4.1 Climate Analysis Based on Numerical Models<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.4.2 Climate Analysis Based on Satellite Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.5 Budget Analyses and Other Climate Studies<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.6 Summary<br \/>\n3. Climate Analysis: Atmospheric Instruments, Observations, and Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.2 Direct Surface Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.3 Direct Upper Air Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.4 Remotely Sensed Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.4.1 Surface Remote Sensing<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.4.2 Satellite Remote Sensing<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.5 Atmospheric Climate Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.5.1 Atmospheric Analyses<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.5.2 A Brief History of Global Reanalyses<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.5.3 Regional and Special Purpose Reanalyses<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.5.4 Reanalyses of Other Climate System Components<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.5.5 Ongoing Reanalyses and Future Prospects<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.6 Summary<br \/>\n4. Climate Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.1 The Mean Climate<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.1 Global Wind Patterns &#8212; A Historical Perspective<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; [Box 4.1] Why Are the Trade Winds Easterly?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; [Box 4.2] Beyond Halley\/Hadley<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.2 The Mean Seasonal Cycle<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.1 Atmospheric Circulation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; [Box 4.3] A Note on Units Used to Describe Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Vorticity and Divergence<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Stream Function and Velocity Potential<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.2 Sea Level Pressure<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.3 Sea Surface Temperature (SST)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.4 Air Temperature Over Land<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.5 Precipitation<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.3 Patterns of Climate Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.1 What Do We Mean by Climate Variability?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.2 Submonthly to Intraseasonal Climate Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Submonthly<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Intraseasonal<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.3 Monthly and Seasonal Phenomena<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.4 Interannual Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; The El Ni&ntilde;o &#8212; Southern Oscillation (ENSO)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Quasi-Biennial Oscillations (QBO)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Decadal and Multi-Decadal Climate Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.4 Interactions among Climate Variability on Various Time Scales<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.5 Summary<br \/>\n5. Climate Change<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.2 Discussion of Definitions<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.1 Change vs. Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.2 Forced vs. Free\/Internal<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.3 Trends vs. Oscillations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.4 Relevant Time Scales<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.5 Manifestations of Change in the Climate System<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.3 Information Sources<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.1 Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.2 Proxy Records<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.3 Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.4 Numerical Models<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.5 Derived Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.4 Natural Climate Change on Long Time Scales<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.4.1 Solar Output<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.4.2 Land\/Sea Configuration<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.5 Shorter Time Scale Climate Variations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.5.1 Forced Variations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Sunspots<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Volcanoes &#8212; The Wild Cards in the Climate System<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.5.2 Free\/Internal Variations<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.6 Anthropogenic Climate Change<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.6.1 Context<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.6.2 Greenhouse Gases<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Summary of the Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.6.3 Observations That Show Evidence of Climate Change Related to Increasing Greenhouse Gas Concentrations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Surface Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Sea Level<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Sea Ice<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Ocean Acidification<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Mountain Glaciers and Ice Sheets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Derived Datasets and Model-Derived Information<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Proxy-Based Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.6.4 Other Human-Induced Climate Change<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Aerosols<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Ozone<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Agriculture and Animal Husbandry<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.7 Future Climate Change<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 5.1] IPCC Assessment Reports<br \/>\n6. Temperature: Building Climate Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.2 Surface Air Temperature Over Land<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 6.1] Time of Day Temperature Bias<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.3 Temperature Scales<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 6.2] Units Conversion<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.4 Observational and Instrumental Considerations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 6.4.1 Environmental Considerations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; [Box 6.3] Backyard Temperature Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Changes in Instrument Location<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Changes in Environment<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 6.4.2 Instrumentation Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; [Box 6.4] Backyard Temperature Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Changing the Thermometer<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.5 Datasets Based on Station Data<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.6 Gridded Temperature Dataset Based on Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 6.6.1 General Characteristics of Gridded Temperature Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 6.6.2 Relating Gridded Averages to Temperature at a Location in the Grid<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.7 Other Estimates of Surface Air Temperature<br \/>\n7. Precipitation: Combining <i>In Situ<\/i> and Remotely Sensed Observations in Constructing Climate Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.2 Measurements, Estimates, and Inferences<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.2.1 Rain Gage Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.2.2 Estimates from Remotely Sensed Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Visible and Infrared Methods<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Passive Microwave Methods<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Radar (Active Microwave) Methods<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.2.3 Estimates from Remotely Sensed Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Surface Properties<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Atmospheric Model Forecasts<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.3 Analyses<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.3.1 Gage-Based Analyses<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.3.2 Remote-Sensing Based Analyses<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.3.3 Remote-Sensing and Gage-Based Analyses<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.3.4 Future Developments<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.4 Extending the Record &#8212; Reconstructions<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 7.1] Reconstruction Methodology<br \/>\n8. Ocean Climate Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.2 Sea Surface Temperature (SST)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.2.1 How Is SST Defined?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.2.2 SST Observations and Instruments<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; SST from Ship Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; SST from Fixed and Drifting Buoys<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; SST from Satellites<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.3 Creating Global SST Fields<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.1 SST Fields from <i>In Situ<\/i> Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.2 SST Fields from Blended Satellite and <i>In Situ<\/i> Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.3 Reconstructed SST Analyses<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.4 Other Ocean Surface Properties<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.5 The Ocean&#8217;s Subsurface<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.5.1 Subsurface Ocean Structure<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.5.2 Subsurface Observations and Instruments<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Expendable Bathythermographs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Argo Profiling Floats<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Moored Buoys<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.6 Summary<br \/>\n9. Cryosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.1 Snow Observations and Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.1.1 Snowfall<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.1.2 Snow Depth<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.1.3 Basin Snowpack<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.1.4 Snow Water Equivalent<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.1.5 Snow Cover<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.2 Sea Ice Data and Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.2.1 Sea Ice Extent<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 9.1] Historical Sea Ice Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.2.2 Sea Ice Thickness<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.3 Land-Based Permanent Ice<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.3.1 Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.3.2 Iceberg Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.4 Observations of Ice on Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.5 Permafrost Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.6 Climate Variability in the Cryosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.6.1 Snow Cover Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.6.2 Arctic Sea Ice Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.6.3 Antarctic Sea Ice Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.6.4 Long-Term Climate Variability &#8212; Ice Cores<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.6.5 Climate Variability &#8212; Northern Hemisphere Icebergs<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.7 Summary<br \/>\n10. Land Component of the Climate System<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.2 Mean Land Features and Their Role in Climate<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.2.1 The Shape and Orientation of the Continents<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.2.2 Topography<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; [Box 10.1] Local Circulations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Mountain\/Valley Breezes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Land\/Sea Breezes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.2.3 Land Types<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.3 Variable Land Features and Climate Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.4 Mean Land-Feature Data for Climate Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.4.1 Elevation\/Topography<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.4.2 Mean Vegetation Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.4.3 Mean Land-Type Data<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.5 Variable Land Data for Climate Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.5.1 Soil Moisture<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Direct Soil Moisture <i>In Situ<\/i> Measurements<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Indirect Methods of Estimating <i>In Situ<\/i> Soil Moisture<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Data Sources for <i>In Situ<\/i> Soil Moisture<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Soil Moisture Estimates from Satellites<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.5.2 Vegetation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.5.3 Land Surface Radiation Measurements and Data<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.6 Land Surface in Budget Studies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.6.1 Water Budgets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.6.2 Land Surface Radiation Budgets<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.7 Land Surface Models and Data Assimilation Systems<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.8 Drought<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 10.2] Different Types of Drought<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.9 Summary<br \/>\n11. Climate Models as Information Sources and Analysis Tools<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.2 Generating Numerical Model Data for Climate Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.2.1 Free Running or Unconstrained Models<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.2.2 Models Constrained by Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.2.3 Uncoupled and Coupled Climate Models<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.3 Characteristics of Model Generated Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.3.1 Model Grids<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 11.1] Example &#8212; Rainfall Frequency<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.3.2 Model Units of Measurement<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.4 Model Validation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 11.2] Validation and Verification<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.5 Model-Based Climate Diagnostics<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.5.1 CMIP\/AMIP and Other Long Model Runs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.5.2 Climate Analysis Based on Reanalyses<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.6 Advantages and Limitations of Models in Climate Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 11.3] Downscaling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.6.1 Biases<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.6.2 Teleconnections<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.6.3 Pattern Correlations<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.7 Summary<br \/>\n12. Operational Climate Monitoring and Prediction<br \/>\n &#8211; 12.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 12.2 History<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 12.2.1 The Rise of Contemporary Climate Monitoring<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Temperature and Precipitation from Land Station Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Sea Surface Temperature Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Precipitation Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Sea Level Pressure Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Upper Air Climate Monitoring<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Reanalysis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Other Sources of Climate Monitoring Datasets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Satellite Data for Climate Monitoring<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Operational Climate Monitoring in the United States<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Other Climate Monitoring Activities<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; WMO Climate Monitoring Activities<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 12.2.2 The Rise of Contemporary Climate Prediction<br \/>\n &#8211; 12.3 Climate Monitoring and Forecast Products<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 12.3.1 Climate Monitoring Examples<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Time Series of Climate Indices<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Time-Longitude Diagrams<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Anomaly Maps<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 12.3.2 Climate Forecast Examples<br \/>\n &#8211; 12.4 A Look Forward<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 12.4.1 Current Plans and Prospects<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 12.4.2 A Comprehensive Climate Enterprise<br \/>\nAppendix A. A Short Guide to Some Statistics Used in Climate Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; A.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; A.2 Basic Statistics<br \/>\n &#8211; A.3 Correlations<br \/>\n &#8211; A.4 Spectral (Fourier) Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; A.5 EOF [Empirical Orthogonal Functions] and Related Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; A.6 Statistical Significance<br \/>\nAppendix B. Vorticity \/ Divergence, Stream Function \/ Velocity Potential<br \/>\nAppendic C. Preliminary Examination of the Data<br \/>\n &#8211; C.1 Data Plotting Tools ans Software<br \/>\n &#8211; C.2 Addressing Data Gaps<br \/>\nAppendix D. Components of the Mean Water Budget<br \/>\nGlossary<br \/>\nReferences<br \/>\nIndex<br \/>\nThe plate section is to be found between pages 168 and 169<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chester F. Ropelewski &#038; Phillip A. Arkin, 2019: Climate Analysis. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University pres [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9236","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9236","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9236"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9236\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9247,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9236\/revisions\/9247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9236"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}