{"id":6719,"date":"2016-07-29T23:59:46","date_gmt":"2016-07-29T14:59:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6719"},"modified":"2019-02-02T04:22:22","modified_gmt":"2019-02-01T19:22:22","slug":"tim-lenton-2016-earth-system-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6719","title":{"rendered":"Tim Lenton (2016) Earth System Science [\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u79d1\u5b66]"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Tim <strong>Lenton<\/strong>, 2016: <em>Earth System Science<\/em> (A Very Short Introduction 464). Oxford University Press, 153 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-871887-1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2016\u5e74\u306e\u65b0\u520a\u30022016\u5e747\u6708\u3001\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306a\u304b\u307e\u306e\u4eba\u304b\u3089\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3059\u3050\u8aad\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3044\u3061\u304a\u3046\u8aad\u307f\u7d42\u3048\u3066\u3053\u306e\u30e1\u30e2\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a71\u984c\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306f\u8d70\u308a\u8aad\u307f\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3044\u3046\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u5730\u7403\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u3001\u751f\u7269\u570f\u3068\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u570f\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u5730\u9762\u3084\u6d77\u5e95\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306e\u8584\u3044\u5c64(\u3069\u306e\u304f\u3089\u3044\u306e\u539a\u3055\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u306f\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6642\u9593\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u3069\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u308f\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u304c)\u3092\u3042\u308f\u305b\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3044\u3046\u300c\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u306f\u3010\u3053\u308c\u306f\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u3053\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6559\u3048\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u306610\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u305f\u3063\u3066\u3084\u3063\u3068\u6574\u7406\u3067\u304d\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3011\u3001\u7269\u8cea\u30fb\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306e\u305f\u307e\u308a\u3068\u6d41\u308c\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3068\u6c34\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u300c\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u3001\u70ad\u7d20\u30fb\u7a92\u7d20\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u300c\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001NASA (1986)\u306e\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u306e\u56f3(<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/edu\/clim_sys\/intro\/fluidsys_nasa.html\">[\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248]<\/a>)\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4e21\u8005\u3092\u3042\u308f\u305b\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u3082\u305d\u306e\u56f3\u3092\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u3044\u3046\u65b0\u66f8\u5224\u306e\u767e\u6570\u5341\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u672c\u3067\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u50cf\u3092\u516c\u5e73\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u306e\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u306fLenton\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eba\u306e\u5207\u308a\u53e3\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u5165\u9580\u66f8\u3060\u3002Lenton\u306f\u3001\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u8ffd\u3044\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u306b\u306f\u3001tipping point\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306ftipping elements\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u8b70\u8ad6(<a href=\"http:\/\/d.hatena.ne.jp\/masudako\/20151130\/1448895820\">[\u5225\u30d6\u30ed\u30b02015-11-30\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b]<\/a>\u53c2\u7167)\u3092\u3057\u305f\u4eba\u3001\u307e\u305f\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u6c17\u5019\u6539\u5909(geoengineering\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6c17\u5019\u5de5\u5b66)\u306e\u7dcf\u8ad6(\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070Lenton &amp; Vaughan 2013\u306e\u672c<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5139\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>)\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3046\u80cc\u666f\u3092\u3082\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u304b\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u308f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306fLovelock (1979\u5e74\u306e\u672c\u306a\u3069)\u306e\u30ac\u30a4\u30a2\u8ad6\u306b\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u3082\u3061\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u751f\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306fLovelock\u306e\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305fAndrew Watson\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u30920\u6b21\u5143\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u8457\u8005\u306f\u4eca\u3067\u3082\u30ac\u30a4\u30a2\u8ad6\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3057\u3001Lovelock\u306e1988\u5e74\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u3092\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u52e7\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001Lovelock\u306f2006\u5e74(<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/reading\/lovelock_revenge.html\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8]<\/a>)\u30842009\u5e74(<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/reading\/lovelock_vanishing.html\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8]<\/a>)\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u3067\u3001\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u304c\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5f37\u304f\u73fe\u308f\u308c\u751f\u7269\u570f\u306b\u7834\u5c40\u304c\u304a\u3068\u305a\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5c06\u6765\u898b\u901a\u3057\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305f(\u305d\u306e\u5f8c2012\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u306b\u306f\u884c\u304d\u904e\u304e\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3060\u304c)\u3002Lenton\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u540c\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002Lovelock\u304c\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u306b\u504f\u3063\u305f(\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306a\u308a\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306f<a href=\"http:\/\/d.hatena.ne.jp\/masudako\/20120330\/1333084622\">[\u5225\u30d6\u30ed\u30b02012-03-30\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b]<\/a>)\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001Lenton\u306f\u8cea\u91cf\u4fdd\u5b58\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u305f\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u306e\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u3082\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u3001\u304a\u3082\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u305f\u8981\u70b9\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u304c\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u611f\u60f3\u3092\u307e\u3058\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u300cHome\u300d\u306f\u5e8f\u8ad6\u3002<br \/>\n\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u79d1\u5b66\u306fLovelock\u306e\u30ac\u30a4\u30a2\u8ad6\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u305d\u306e\u524d\u306b\u3055\u304d\u304c\u3051\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306bRedfield\u306e1934\u5e74\u306e\u6d77\u6d0b\u306e\u7a92\u7d20\u3068\u30ea\u30f3\u306e\u6bd4\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3067\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30ac\u30a4\u30a2\u8ad6\u306e\u8981\u70b9\u306f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u306b\u74b0\u5883\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b(\u8ca0\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308b)\u50cd\u304d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306f\u30ac\u30a4\u30a2\u8ad6\u3092\u300c\u751f\u7269\u304c\u610f\u8b58\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u74b0\u5883\u3092\u81ea\u5206\u306b\u3064\u3054\u3046\u306e\u3088\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306a\u76ee\u7684\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u8003\u3048\u3068\u306f\u898b\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u5b66\u8aac\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u5730\u7403\u53f2\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u592a\u967d\u304b\u3089\u304f\u308b\u653e\u5c04\u304c\u3075\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5730\u7403\u74b0\u5883\u306f\u6db2\u4f53\u306e\u6c34\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3067\u304d\u308b\u6e29\u5ea6\u306b\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3057\u304f\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6709\u529b\u306a\u306e\u306f\u3001Walker\u305f\u3061\u304c1981\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u306e\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30b1\u30a4\u9178\u5869\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u98a8\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8ca0\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002(\u306a\u304a\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306fWatson\u305f\u3061\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u306f\u751f\u7269\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f37\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u70b9\u306f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8003\u3048\u304c\u3061\u304c\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u300cRecycling\u300d\u306f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u3001\u9178\u7d20\u3001\u70ad\u7d20\u3001\u30ea\u30f3\u3001\u7a92\u7d20\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u3092\u6982\u89b3\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u300cRegulation\u300d\u306f\u3001\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u3082\u3001\u9855\u751f\u4ee3\u7d045\u5104\u5e74\u9593\u306e\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306e\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20(\u305d\u306e\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u6c17\u6e29)\u30fb\u9178\u7d20\u30fb\u5ca9\u77f3\u570f\u306b\u57cb\u6ca1\u3059\u308b\u6709\u6a5f\u70ad\u7d20\u306e\u5909\u9077\u3092\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u306e\u6804\u990a\u5143\u7d20(\u30ea\u30f3\u30fb\u7a92\u7d20)\u3068\u95a2\u9023\u3065\u3051\u305f\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8457\u8005\u304c\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u751f\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u305fCOPSE\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb(Berner\u306e\u70ad\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u767a\u5c55)\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n\u306a\u304a\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u306f\u8ca0\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u50cd\u304f\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u7d00\u306e\u6c37\u671f\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3067\u306f\u3001\u70ad\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0\u306f\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5909\u5316\u3092\u898b\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u300cRevolutions\u300d\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306fLenton &amp; Watson (2011)\u306e\u672c\u306e\u8981\u7d04\u3060\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n\u6700\u8fd130\u5e74\u307b\u3069\u306e\u3042\u3044\u3060\u306b\u300c\u751f\u547d\u3068\u5730\u7403\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u5171\u9032\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f(\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3053\u306e\u300c\u5730\u7403\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u9032\u5316\u300d\u306fDarwin\u578b\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u9078\u629e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9032\u5316\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044)\u3002\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u5730\u5c64\u306b\u6b8b\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u3001\u751f\u7269\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308b\u5206\u5b50(\u3068\u304f\u306bDNA)\u306b\u6b8b\u308b\u9032\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u5730\u7403\u53f2\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3066\u6025\u306a\u5909\u5316(\u300crevolutions\u300d)\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3082\u3001\u751f\u7269\u9032\u5316\u30fb\u5730\u7403\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u4e21\u9762\u3067\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u306e\u306f\u3001\u9178\u7d20\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u5149\u5408\u6210\u3092\u3059\u308b\u751f\u7269\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u767a\u9054\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u3082\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3092\u3078\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304c\u3001\u306a\u304b\u3067\u308224\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3054\u308d\u9178\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u6841\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306b\u3075\u3048\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u5f8c\u3001\u8907\u6570\u56de\u306esnowball earth\u304c\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u751f\u7269\u306e\u5149\u5408\u6210\u80fd\u529b\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u3068\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u306e\u57cb\u6ca1\u306b\u3064\u3054\u3046\u306e\u3088\u3044\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u91cd\u306a\u3063\u3066\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306e\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u4e0b\u304c\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u306f\u300cAnthropocene\u300d(<a href=\"http:\/\/d.hatena.ne.jp\/masudako\/20160206\/1454778791\">[\u5225\u30d6\u30ed\u30b02016-02-06\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b]<\/a>\u53c2\u7167)\u3002Ruddiman\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u4eba\u985e\u306f\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306e\u65e9\u3044\u6642\u671f\u304b\u3089\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5909\u3048\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8aac(<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/reading\/ruddiman2005.html\">[Ruddiman (2006)\u306e\u8aad\u66f8\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8]<\/a>\u53c2\u7167)\u306b\u3082\u3075\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306b\u3001\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u304c\u591a\u304f\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u306e\u70ad\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0\u30fb(\u5316\u5b66\u80a5\u6599\u306b\u3088\u308b)\u7a92\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6539\u5909\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u300cProjection\u300d\u3002\u7ae0\u306e\u524d\u534a\u306f\u3001\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u4e88\u6e2c\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3067\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u304a\u3053\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306e\u7d39\u4ecb\u3002\u304d\u3073\u3057\u3044\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306e\u4e88\u6e2c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5909\u5316\u306e\u3059\u3058\u304c\u304d\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u306e\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001prediction\u3067\u306a\u304fprojection\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u306e\u5f8c\u534a\u306f tipping \u306e\u8a71\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5929\u79e4\u304c\u4e00\u65b9\u304b\u3089\u4ed6\u65b9\u306b\u3075\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5909\u5316\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3002\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001(\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066) snowball earth\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5168\u4f53\u306etipping\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u4f4e\u3044\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306etipping\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u7121\u8996\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u90e8\u5206\u3092tipping elements\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002<br \/>\nTipping elements\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u307e\u305a\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u306e\u6df1\u5c64\u5faa\u74b0\u3068\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u306e\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u524d\u8005\u306e\u5909\u5316\u304c\u5f8c\u8005\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002(\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3082\u3001\u6d77\u9762\u6c34\u6e29\u306e\u7def\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u3092\u4e2d\u9593\u9805\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u9023\u9396\u306f\u3042\u308a\u3046\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u539f\u56e0\u306f\u307b\u304b\u306b\u3082\u3042\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002)<br \/>\n\u6b21\u306b\u68ee\u6797\u304c\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306b\u67af\u6b7b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6c34\u4e0d\u8db3\u306e\u307b\u304b\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6607\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5bb3\u866b\u306a\u3069\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u5f71\u97ff\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u96ea\u6c37\u570f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6d77\u6c37\u3001\u51cd\u571f\u3001\u6c37\u5e8a\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306btipping\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u307e\u305a\u3001\u30b5\u30f3\u30b4\u7901\u304c\u6d77\u6d0b\u9178\u6027\u5316\u3068\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306b\u6b7b\u6ec5\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u3068\u7a92\u7d20\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6804\u990a\u5143\u7d20\u306e\u4f9b\u7d66\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3067\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u7121\u9178\u7d20\u5c64\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u751f\u7269\u304c\u6b7b\u6ec5\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u300cSustainability\u300d<br \/>\n\u751f\u7269\u570f\u304c\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306a\u3093\u3068\u304b\u6301\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3082\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u570f(\u4eba\u9593\u304c\u7269\u8cea\u30fb\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3092\u52d5\u304b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e16\u754c)\u306e\u73fe\u72b6\u306f\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u6301\u7d9a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u751f\u7269\u570f\u306e\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7279\u5fb4\u306f\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30d2\u30f3\u30c8\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u7269\u8cea\u8cc7\u6e90\u304c\u30ea\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u570f\u306f\u9271\u7269\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u6d88\u8cbb\u3001\u5ec3\u7269\u3092\u51fa\u3059)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u8cc7\u6e90\u304c\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308b(\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u4eba\u9593\u570f\u306f\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u3092\u6d88\u8cbb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u5185\u306b\u8abf\u7bc0(\u8ca0\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af)\u306e\u3057\u304f\u307f\u304c\u305d\u306a\u308f\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001resilience\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6307\u6570\u95a2\u6570\u578b\u306e\u6210\u9577\u306f\u8cc7\u6e90\u306e\u9650\u754c\u306b\u3076\u3064\u304b\u308b\u3002Meadows\u307b\u304b(1972\u5e74\u306e\u672c)<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/reading\/limits.html\">[30\u5468\u5e74\u306e\u672c\u306e\u8aad\u66f8\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8]<\/a>\u306e\u300c\u6210\u9577\u306e\u9650\u754c\u300d\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306f\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u306b\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u7d4c\u9a13\u3067\u3001\u300c\u958b\u767a\u300d\u304c\u9032\u3081\u3070\u4eba\u53e3\u306f\u5b89\u5b9a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3060\u304c\u3001\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3068\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u6d88\u8cbb\u304c\u3075\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u8cc7\u6e90\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u306f\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u592a\u967d\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3046\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u98a8\u529b\u30fb\u6c34\u529b\u306a\u3069\u3082\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306a\u592a\u967d\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306e\u5229\u7528\u3060\u304c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u592a\u967d\u5149\u767a\u96fb\u306b\u9650\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u592a\u967d\u5149\u306f\u9593\u6b20\u7684\u306a\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u6e90\u306a\u306e\u3067\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u8caf\u8535\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u6838\u5206\u88c2\u306f\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u306b\u76f8\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3057\u3001\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u3067\u6838\u878d\u5408\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308c\u3070\u3055\u3089\u306b\u307e\u3057\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u7269\u8cea\u8cc7\u6e90\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u30ea\u30f3\u3001\u9244\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30df\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u3001\u5fae\u91cf\u91d1\u5c5e\u306a\u3069\u306e\u30ea\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ea\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u306b\u306f\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u570f\u304b\u3089\u3042\u3089\u305f\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3088\u308a\u3082\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u7bc0\u7d04\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u300cplanetary boundaries\u300d\u306e\u8a71\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002Rockstr&ouml;m\u306e2009\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u6539\u8a02\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002\u3042\u308b\u9650\u754c\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4ed6\u306e\u9650\u754c\u306b\u8fd1\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u76f8\u4e92trade-off\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306e\u9650\u754c\u306f\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6350 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\/>\n\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u5bfe\u7b56\u306f\u3001\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u6e29\u5ea6\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u3001\u6392\u51fa\u524a\u6e1b\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u306e\u5438\u53ce\u6e90\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068(\u68ee\u6797\u80b2\u6210\u3001\u8fb2\u5730\u306e\u8015\u8d77\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u3001biochar\u3001\u98a8\u5316\u4fc3\u9032\u3092\u542b\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u3001\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u5927\u6c17\u304b\u3089CO2\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3001\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n(\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001\u4e0a\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u5438\u53ce\u6e90\u5f37\u5316\u3092\u300c\u8ca0\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u5f37\u3081\u308b\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3001\u7802\u6f20(\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u690d\u751f\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u90e8\u5206)\u306e\u7dd1\u5316\u306a\u3069\u3092\u3001\u300c\u6b63\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u5f37\u3081\u308b\u300d\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u671b\u307e\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u304b\u3089\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u3078\u306e\u79fb\u308a\u304b\u305f\u3092\u901f\u3081\u308b\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5225\u306b\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306f\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u306f\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002)<br \/>\n\u6e29\u5ea6\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u300cgeoengineering\u300d\u306e\u4e00\u7a2e\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u592a\u967d\u653e\u5c04\u6539\u5909\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u3082\u3057\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u3057\u3063\u304b\u308a\u30e2\u30cb\u30bf\u30fc\u3057\u3066\u8abf\u7bc0\u3067\u304d\u308b(\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b)\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u524d\u63d0\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u8a71\u3092\u96e2\u308c\u308b\u304c)\u300c\u7dd1\u306e\u9769\u547d\u300d\u306f\u3001 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\/>\n\u307e\u305a\u3001\u9060\u3044\u5c06\u6765\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u592a\u967d\u304c\u51fa\u3059\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u304c\u3075\u3048\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306eCO2\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8abf\u7bc0\u306f\u9650\u754c\u306b\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3001\u751f\u547d\u304c\u6301\u7d9a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u9ad8\u3044\u6e29\u5ea6\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u306a\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306e\u6642\u9593\u306f(\u306a\u3093\u5104\u5e74\u304b\u306b\u306a\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3060\u304c)\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5730\u7403\u306e\u751f\u547d\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3088\u308a\u3082\u77ed\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b21\u306b\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u6052\u661f\u7cfb\u306e\u60d1\u661f\u306b\u751f\u547d\u304c\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u5730\u7403\u306e\u751f\u547d\u3068\u4f3c\u305f\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8cea\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u751f\u547d\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u6db2\u4f53\u306e\u6c34\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u751f\u547d\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u60d1\u661f\u306e\u5730\u8cea\u3084\u6c17\u5019\u306f\u3069\u3046\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u751f\u547d\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u30ac\u30a4\u30a2\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u74b0\u5883\u8abf\u7bc0\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3057\u305f\u60d1\u661f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tim <strong>Lenton<\/strong> and Andrew <strong>Watson<\/strong>, 2011: <em>Revolutions that Made the Earth<\/em>. Oxford University Press. [\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044]<\/li>\n<li>James <strong>Lovelock<\/strong>, 1979: <em>Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li>[\u540c\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248] J.E. <strong>\u30e9\u30f4\u30ed\u30c3\u30af<\/strong> \u8457\u3001\u30b9\u30ef\u30df\u30fb\u30d7\u30ec\u30e0\u30fb\u30d7\u30e9\u30d6\u30c3\u30c0 \u8a33 (1984): <em>\u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u570f &#8212; \u30ac\u30a4\u30a2\u306e\u79d1\u5b66<\/em>\u3002\u5de5\u4f5c\u820e\u3002[\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u7248\u3082\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002]<\/li>\n<li>James <strong>Lovelock<\/strong>, 1988: <em>The Ages of Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Earth<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n<li>[\u540c\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248]  J. <strong>\u30e9\u30f4\u30ed\u30c3\u30af<\/strong> \u8457\u3001\u30b9\u30ef\u30df\u30fb\u30d7\u30ec\u30e0\u30fb\u30d7\u30e9\u30d6\u30c3\u30c0 \u8a33 (1989): <em>\u30ac\u30a4\u30a2\u306e\u6642\u4ee3 &#8212; \u5730\u7403\u751f\u547d\u570f\u306e\u9032\u5316<\/em>\u3002\u5de5\u4f5c\u820e\u3002[\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u7248\u3082\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002]<\/li>\n<li>Earth System Sciences Committee, <strong>NASA<\/strong> Advisory Council, 1986: <em>Earth System Science: A Program for Global Change. Overview<\/em>. NASA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n= \u76ee\u6b21 =<br \/>\nContents<br \/>\nList of Illustrations<br \/>\nChapter 1. Home<br \/>\n &#8211; Signs of life<br \/>\n &#8211; The faint young Sun puzzle<br \/>\n &#8211; The Gaia hypothesis<br \/>\n &#8211; Feedback<br \/>\n &#8211; Climate regulation<br \/>\n &#8211; Snowball Earth<br \/>\n &#8211; Escaping a snowball<br \/>\n &#8211; Global change<br \/>\n &#8211; Defining the Earth system<br \/>\nChapter 2. Recycling<br \/>\n &#8211; Biogeochemical cycling<br \/>\n &#8211; The oxygen cycle<br \/>\n &#8211; The carbon cycle<br \/>\n &#8211; Isotopic constraints<br \/>\n &#8211; The phosphorus cycle<br \/>\n &#8211; The nitrogen cycle<br \/>\n &#8211; Earth&#8217;s metabolism<br \/>\nChapter 3. Regulation<br \/>\n &#8211; Basic concepts<br \/>\n &#8211; Biogeochemical models<br \/>\n &#8211; Nutrient regulation<br \/>\n &#8211; Oxygen regulation<br \/>\n &#8211; Long-term carbon dioxide regulation<br \/>\n &#8211; Short-term carbon dioxide regulation<br \/>\n &#8211; A historical example<br \/>\n &#8211; Biogeochemical climate feedbacks<br \/>\n &#8211; How good is Earth&#8217;s climate regulation?<br \/>\n &#8211; Changing stability<br \/>\nChapter 4. Revolutions<br \/>\n &#8211; The evidence<br \/>\n &#8211; Deep time<br \/>\n &#8211; Origin of the Earth<br \/>\n &#8211; Origin of life<br \/>\n &#8211; Origin of recycling<br \/>\n &#8211; Origin of oxygenic photosynthesis<br \/>\n &#8211; The Great Oxydation<br \/>\n &#8211; Origin of eukaryotes<br \/>\n &#8211; Neoproterozoic turmoil<br \/>\n &#8211; Common features<br \/>\nChapter 5. Anthropocene<br \/>\n &#8211; Environmental preconditions<br \/>\n &#8211; Fire use<br \/>\n &#8211; Farming<br \/>\n &#8211; The early Anthropocene hypothesis<br \/>\n &#8211; Fossil fuels<br \/>\n &#8211; Changes in land-use and nutrient cycles<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon cycle change<br \/>\n &#8211; Climate change<br \/>\n &#8211; Human planet<br \/>\nChapter 6. Projection<br \/>\n &#8211; Earth system models<br \/>\n &#8211; Testing the models<br \/>\n &#8211; A spectrum of models<br \/>\n &#8211; Projection rather than prediction<br \/>\n &#8211; Storylines<br \/>\n &#8211; Global warming<br \/>\n &#8211; Spatial patterns<br \/>\n &#8211; Tipping points<br \/>\n &#8211; Ocean and atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Land biosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Cryosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry<br \/>\n &#8211; Emergent simplicity<br \/>\nChapter 7. Sustainability<br \/>\n &#8211; Earth history lessons<br \/>\n &#8211; Exponential growth meets finite resources<br \/>\n &#8211; Sustainable energy<br \/>\n &#8211; Material recycling<br \/>\n &#8211; Planetary boundaries<br \/>\n &#8211; A self-aware feedback system<br \/>\n &#8211; Early warning signals<br \/>\n &#8211; Response options<br \/>\n &#8211; Earth system economics<br \/>\n &#8211; Broadening the field<br \/>\nChapter 8. Generalization<br \/>\n &#8211; Lifespan of the biosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; The habitable zone<br \/>\n &#8211; Extrasolar planets<br \/>\n &#8211; Life detection<br \/>\n &#8211; Exoclimates<br \/>\n &#8211; Exogeology<br \/>\n &#8211; Exobiospheres<br \/>\n &#8211; Exo-Gaias?<br \/>\n &#8211; Exo-Earth system science<br \/>\nReferences<br \/>\nFurther reading<br \/>\nIndex<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tim Lenton, 2016: Earth System Science (A Very Short Introduction 464). Oxford University Press, 153 pp. ISBN  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6719","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6719"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6719\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8473,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6719\/revisions\/8473"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6719"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6719"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6719"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}