{"id":6614,"date":"2016-08-05T23:40:25","date_gmt":"2016-08-05T14:40:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6614"},"modified":"2017-10-30T03:53:46","modified_gmt":"2017-10-29T18:53:46","slug":"hasok-chang-2004-inventing-temperature-%e6%b8%a9%e5%ba%a6%e3%81%ab%e9%96%a2%e3%81%99%e3%82%8b%e7%9f%a5%e8%ad%98%e3%81%ae%e7%99%ba%e9%81%94%e3%81%ab%e9%96%a2%e3%81%99%e3%82%8b%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6614","title":{"rendered":"Hasok Chang (2004) Inventing Temperature [\u6e29\u5ea6\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u767a\u9054\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u30fb\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66]"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Hasok <strong>Chang<\/strong>, 2004, paperback 2007: <em>Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress<\/em>. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 286 pp. ISBN 978-0-19533738-9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u305f\u3057\u304b\u30da\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u304c\u65b0\u520a\u3060\u3063\u305f2007\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u306b\u5e97\u982d\u3067\u898b\u3066\u8cb7\u3046\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u8ff7\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u6c17\u5019\u30fb\u6c17\u8c61\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6388\u696d\u3092\u62c5\u5f53\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u6e29\u5ea6\u306f\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u9805\u76ee\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u3088\u308a\u3088\u304f\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u767a\u9054\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u77e5\u308a\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u89b3\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u3063\u3066\u306e\u3070\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u969b\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304c\u4eca\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u5024\u3068\u540c\u4e00\u57fa\u6e96\u3067\u4f7f\u3048\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u8003\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u4eba\u304c\u89b3\u6e2c\u306b\u3069\u3093\u306a\u6280\u8853\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u3068\u3044\u3046\u91cf\u3092\u3069\u3046\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3082\u77e5\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u672c\u66f8\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u30fb\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u66f8\u3060(\u4e21\u5206\u91ce\u306b\u307e\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3059\u3050\u308f\u304b\u3063\u305f)\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u7c21\u5358\u306b\u8aad\u3081\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ff7\u3063\u305f\u3059\u3048\u306b2009\u5e74\u306b\u901a\u4fe1\u8ca9\u58f2\u3067\u8cb7\u3044\u3001\u4f55\u5ea6\u304b\u3081\u304f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u898b\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u901a\u3057\u3066\u8aad\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306f2016\u5e743\u6708\u304b\u30894\u6708\u306b\u3084\u3063\u3068\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306e\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8\u3092\u30018\u6708\u306b\u5c11\u3057\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u3053\u3053\u306b\u7f6e\u304f\u3002\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u3055\u304d\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u305f\u9650\u308a\u306e\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8ad6\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u767a\u9054\u306b4\u3064\u306e\u3075\u3057\u3081\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3001\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u304b\u3089\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u524d\u534a\u3067\u305d\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u534a\u3067\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u767a\u9054\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u306f\u3053\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8457\u8005\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u7dcf\u8ad6\u3001\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u306f\u8457\u8005\u304c\u3081\u3056\u3059\u5b66\u554f\u306e\u3042\u308a\u304b\u305f\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c1\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u306e\u5b9a\u70b9\u3002\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u306f\u3001\u5358\u7d14\u306b\u306f\u30012\u3064\u306e\u5b9a\u70b9\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u9593\u3092\u4f55\u304b\u306e\u76f4\u63a5\u6e2c\u5b9a\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u7269\u7406\u91cf(\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u6db2\u4f53\u3084\u6c17\u4f53\u306e\u4f53\u7a4d)\u306b\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5b9a\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300118\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u306f\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u63d0\u6848\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u7d71\u4e00\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u6cb8\u70b9\u3068\u51dd\u56fa\u70b9(\u6c37\u70b9)\u306f\u3001\u5e38\u306b\u5019\u88dc\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u6cb8\u70b9\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u898b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u554f\u984c\u304c\u8003\u3048\u59cb\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3053\u308d\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u6280\u8853\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u5727\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u6cb8\u70b9\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7a7a\u6c17\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304f\u306a\u3069\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u7d14\u5ea6\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3068\u3001100\u2103\u3092\u3053\u3048\u3066\u3082\u6cb8\u9a30\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300c\u904e\u71b1\u300d(superheating)\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u6cb8\u9a30\u304c\u304a\u304d\u3066\u3044\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Lussac\u3084Boyle\u306e\u300c\u6cd5\u5247\u300d\u304c\u53b3\u5bc6\u306b\u306f\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u89b3\u6e2c\u306f\u7406\u8ad6\u4f9d\u5b58\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u9650\u308a\u306a\u3044\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5316\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002Dulong &#038; Petit\u306f1816\u30fb1817\u5e74\u306b\u3001100\u2103\u3088\u308a\u3082\u9ad8\u3044\u6e29\u5ea6(\u4f8b\u3001350\u2103)\u3067\u6c34\u9280\u3068\u7a7a\u6c17\u306e\u793a\u3059\u300c\u6e29\u5ea6\u300d\u304c\u9055\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304c\u3088\u3044\u304b\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u51fa\u305b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u6982\u5ff5\u306f\u71b1\u91cf\u8aac\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u71b1\u91cf\u8aac\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7b54\u3048\u304c\u5b9a\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002Regnault\u304c\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u907f\u3051\u3066\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5316\u3067(\u904b\u3088\u304f)\u6c7a\u7740\u3092\u3064\u3051\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c3\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u6570\u91cf\u7bc4\u56f2\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u3002\u30ac\u30e9\u30b9\u7ba1\u5185\u306e\u6d41\u4f53\u304c\u4f7f\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306a\u9ad8\u6e29\u3084\u4f4e\u6e29\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u3092\u3069\u3046\u306f\u304b\u308b\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f4e\u6e29\u5074\u3002\u6c34\u9280\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u3067(\u898b\u304b\u3051\u4e0a)\u3082\u306e\u3059\u3054\u3044\u4f4e\u6e29\u304c\u89b3\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u6c34\u9280\u304c\u51cd\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u3092\u3069\u3046\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\u30b3\u30fc\u30eb\u3068\u6c34\u9280\u306e\u81a8\u5f35\u304c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0\u3067\u5b9f\u9a13\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3001Henry Cavendish\u304c1783\u5e74\u306b\u6f5c\u71b1\u3068\u904e\u51b7\u5374\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6c34\u9280\u306e\u878d\u70b9\u306f-40\u2103(-40\u00b0F)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u6bd4\u71b1\u5bb9\u91cf\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u306a\u3069\u306b\u7591\u554f\u304c\u6b8b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Pouillet\u304c1853\u5e74\u306b\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30c9\u30e9\u30a4\u30a2\u30a4\u30b9\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u5bd2\u5264\u304c\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u7a7a\u6c17\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u304c\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6c34\u9280\u304c\u51cd\u308b\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u7bc4\u56f2\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u6c17\u3001(\u51cd\u3089\u306a\u3044\u7bc4\u56f2\u3067\u306e)\u6c34\u9280\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30b3\u30fc\u30eb\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u8f03\u6b63\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ad8\u6e29\u5074\u3002\u9676\u5668\u88fd\u9020\u8005\u306eJosiah Wedgwood\u306f1782\u5e74\u306b\u300c\u7c98\u571f\u3068\u9178\u5316\u9244\u306e\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u306e\u4f53\u7a4d\u53ce\u7e2e\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306e\u7d4c\u9a13\u3057\u305f\u6700\u9ad8\u6e29\u5ea6\u3068\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305f\u30021784\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u9280\u306e\u81a8\u5f35\u7387\u304c\u4e00\u5b9a\u3060\u3068\u4eee\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092Fahrenheit\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u3068\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3055\u305b\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u30571795\u5e74\u306b\u5f7c\u304c\u4ea1\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u307e\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u306f\u4fe1\u983c\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u7406\u7531\u306e\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306f\u3001\u7c98\u571f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u304c\u3001Wedgwood\u304c\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u4ed6\u306e\u7523\u5730\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3067\u3061\u304c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wedgwood\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3082\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u3042\u3084\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u308f\u308a\u3042\u3044\u5408\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u767d\u91d1\u306e\u81a8\u5f35\u3001\u6c37\u306e\u878d\u89e3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u71b1\u91cf\u8a08\u6e2c\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308b\u71b1\u91cf\u8a08\u6e2c\u3001\u7a7a\u6c17\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08(\u91d1\u5bb9\u5668\u3001\u767d\u91d1\u5bb9\u5668\u306a\u3069)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8003\u5bdf<\/strong>\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u554f\u984c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u3068\u3057\u306620\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005Bridgman\u306e\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3053\u305d\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002(Bridgman\u306f\u305d\u308c\u307e\u3067\u672a\u7d4c\u9a13\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u5727\u529b\u306e\u9818\u57df\u3067\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3002) \u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001\u6e2c\u5b9a\u304c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u884c\u304d\u904e\u304e\u3060\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306e\u307e\u3048\u306b\u3001\u672a\u77e5\u306e\u9818\u57df\u3078\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306f\u62e1\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u306bconform\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u91cf\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u306f\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u3064\u306a\u304e\u3042\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3068\u304d\u3001\u3061\u304c\u3063\u305f\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u5bfe\u8c61\u304coverlap\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\u521d\u671f\u306eWedgwood\u5c3a\u5ea6\u306f\u6c34\u9280\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u3068overlap\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002Wedgwood\u306f\u9280\u306e\u81a8\u5f35\u3067overlap\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u305f(\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u3068\u3073\u3068\u3073\u306e\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u5024\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3060\u3063\u305f)\u3002<br \/>\nOverlap\u9818\u57df\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u306e\u4e00\u81f4\u3092\u307f\u308b\u306e\u304c\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u3002\u5168\u57df\u306b\u901a\u7528\u3059\u308b\u6e2c\u5b9a\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u3002\u767d\u91d1\u5bb9\u5668\u7a7a\u6c17\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u304c\u9650\u754c\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n&#8220;Leapfrogging&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u65b9\u91dd\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002overlap\u7bc4\u56f2\u3067\u6bd4\u8f03\u3001\u7d4c\u9a13\u5f0f\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u3092\u3082\u3046\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3067\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u526f\u6a19\u6e96\u3068\u3057\u3001\u526f\u6a19\u6e96\u3092\u5ef6\u9577\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002<br \/>\n\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u671b\u307e\u3057\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6b21\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u9032\u3093\u3060(\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u306e\u8a71\u984c)\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u306e\u6642\u671f\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u306f\u3001\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u57fa\u790e\u306e\u306a\u3044\u300c\u30ce\u30a4\u30e9\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u8239\u300d\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u306b\u5408\u3046\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3044\u3063\u3057\u3087\u306b\u4f7f\u3044\u3001\u3072\u3069\u304f\u306f\u305a\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u6368\u3066\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u65b9\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c4\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u3002<br \/>\n\u71b1\u3068\u5bfe\u7b49\u306b\u300c\u51b7\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u304b\u305f\u306f\u6368\u3066\u304c\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300218\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u306f\u71b1\u3044\u307b\u3046\u304c\u4e0a\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3082\u51b7\u305f\u3044\u307b\u3046\u304c\u4e0a\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002Pictet (1791\u5e74)\u3084Rumford\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3001\u71b1\u653e\u5c04\u3068\u540c\u7b49\u306b\u300c\u51b7\u653e\u5c04\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u71b1\u3068\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u306f\u71b1\u91cf\u8aac\u3068\u5206\u5b50\u8aac\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u71b1\u91cf\u8aac\u306e\u3046\u3061Irvine\u306e\u8aac\u306f\u3001\u71b1\u5bb9\u91cf\u3068\u6f5c\u71b1\u304c\u672a\u5206\u5316\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u53cd\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u6f5c\u71b1\u3068\u9855\u71b1\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3059\u308b\u8aac\u3082\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u306funderdetermined\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5206\u5b50\u8aac\u306f\u3001\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u56f0\u96e3\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002Waterston\u304c1845\u5e74\u306b\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u306f\u5206\u5b50\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u306b\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305f\u304c1890\u5e74\u4ee3\u307e\u3067\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002Clausius\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u304c1850\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>William Thomson (Kelvin)\u306f\u82e5\u3044\u3068\u304d\u30d1\u30ea\u3067Regnault\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u9650\u308a\u5b8c\u6210\u3068\u611f\u3058\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001Carnot\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u3066\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u3002<br \/>\nThomson\u306f\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3092Carnot\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3092\u300cThomson\u306e\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u6e29\u5ea6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u7d76\u5bfe\u3068\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7269\u8cea\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u30bc\u30ed\u70b9\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u6027\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002Carnot\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3092\u5909\u5f62\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3068\u95a2\u9023\u3065\u3051\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u672a\u5b8c\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\nJoule\u304b\u3089\u71b1\u91cf\u4fdd\u5b58\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u71b1\u304b\u3089\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3078\u306e\u5909\u63db\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308c\u3001Thomson\u306f\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u306a\u304a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300cThomson\u306e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u7d76\u5bfe\u6e29\u5ea6\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7a7a\u6c17\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u306e\u4f53\u7a4d\u30fb\u5727\u529b\u30bc\u30ed\u3078\u306e\u5916\u633f(Amontons\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6)\u304c\u305d\u306e\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002Joule-Thomson\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u6c17\u4f53\u3068\u7406\u60f3\u6c17\u4f53\u306e\u9055\u3044\u3082\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8003\u5bdf<\/strong>\u3002\u6e29\u5ea6\u3092\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7269\u8cea\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u306a\u3044\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9a\u3081\u305f\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ab2\u984c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u3088\u308b\u57fa\u790e\u3065\u3051\u3067\u306f\u7121\u7406\u3060\u3002\u6c17\u4f53\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5727\u529b\u3068\u4f53\u7a4d\u3092\u7d4c\u9a13\u3067\u77e5\u308b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5727\u529b\u3084\u4f53\u7a4d\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u6c17\u4f53\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u3068\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306e\u554f\u984c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u500b\u5225\u5909\u91cf\u306e\u3069\u308c\u304b\u3092\u57fa\u790e\u306b\u9078\u3076\u306e\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u30fb\u5727\u529b\u30fb\u4f53\u7a4d\u30fb\u71b1\u306a\u3069\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c(\u6e2c\u5b9a)\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\u306e\u3042\u3044\u3060\u306b\u306f\u30ae\u30e3\u30c3\u30d7\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e2d\u9593\u9805\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306a\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092(\u3084\u3084)\u5177\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u305f\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5b9f\u9a13\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3068\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u540c\u3058\u306b\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u9055\u3044\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001(Thomson\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u672a\u5b8c\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u304c)\u30ab\u30eb\u30ce\u30fc\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u306e\u3084\u3084\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u5909\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u7406\u60f3\u6c17\u4f53\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002Iterative\u306a\u6539\u826f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3001\u51fa\u767a\u70b9\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u88dc\u6b63\u9805\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u624b\u6bb5\u306f\u7a7a\u6c17\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u3067\u3082\u6c34\u9280\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u3067\u3082\u3088\u3044\u3002\u6539\u826f\u306e\u7d42\u70b9\u306e\u771f\u5024\u304c\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u3078\u306e\u9069\u5408\u3092\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3057\u3066\u6539\u826f\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5b9f\u9a13\u7684\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u9650\u308a\u3001\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u6c17\u4f53\u6e29\u5ea6\u8a08\u3067\u5145\u5206\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u3082\u3057\u3082\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3067\u306a\u304f\u5206\u5b50\u904b\u52d5\u8ad6\u306b\u3064\u306a\u3052\u308b\u5c55\u958b\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3048\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c5\u7ae0<\/strong>\u300c\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u300d\u3002<br \/>\n\u6570\u91cf\u306e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u3092\u3064\u304f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u72b6\u6cc1\u306f\u3001\u57fa\u790e\u3065\u3051\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3067\u306f\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u7d04\u675f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3084\u3001\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3082\u307e\u305a\u3044\u3002\u89b3\u6e2c\u3069\u3046\u3057\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u3084\u7406\u8ad6\u3068\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u3067\u3001\u6574\u5408\u7684(coherent)\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u524d\u9032\u3059\u308b &#8220;coherentism&#8221;\u304c\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u9032\u6b69(progress)\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u304b\u3089iterative\u306b\u9032\u3080\u3002\u6700\u521d\u306e\u51fa\u767a\u70b9\u306f\u751f\u5f97\u306e\u611f\u899a\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<br \/>\n\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3058\u3085\u3046\u3076\u3093\u5f37\u3044\u7406\u7531\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b(&#8220;principle of respect&#8221;)\u3002\u3042\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u627f\u77e5\u3067\u3001\u3088\u308a\u3088\u3044\u3082\u306e\u304c\u898b\u3042\u305f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u66ab\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u9032\u6b69\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b(&#8220;imperative of progress&#8221;)\u3002\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u6539\u826f\u306f\u9010\u6b21\u7684\u306b\u9032\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b(&#8220;epistemic iteration&#8221;)\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u6210\u529f\u3059\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002self-contradiction\u306b\u81f3\u308a\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u306eself-destruction \u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b(\u300c\u53cd\u8a3c\u300d\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3048\u308b)\u3002<br \/>\n\u9032\u6b69\u306e\u5c3a\u5ea6\u306f\u5358\u4e00\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002(Hempel 1966\u5e74, Kuhn 1977\u5e74\u306a\u3069\u304c\u8a00\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306b)\u8907\u6570\u306eepistemic virtues\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3042\u308bvirtue\u304c\u9ad8\u307e\u308a\u5225\u306evirtue\u304c\u4e0b\u304c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u9032\u6b69\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5408\u610f\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Epistemic iteration\u306b\u306f\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u80af\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001virtue\u304c\u9ad8\u307e\u308b\u300cenrichment\u300d\u3068\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u5909\u66f4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300cself-correction\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\nEnrichment\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u3001\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u2192\u9806\u5e8f\u2192\u8a08\u6570\u3068\u767a\u9054\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u6570\u91cf\u7bc4\u56f2\u304c\u62e1\u5f35\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002Self-correction\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u6c17\u4f53\u3078\u306e\u63a5\u8fd1\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Coherentist method of epistemic iteration\u306f\u3001\u300c\u591a\u5143\u7684\u4f1d\u7d71\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092(\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a)\u80af\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u3082\u8907\u6570\u306e\u9078\u629e\u80a2\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6a21\u7bc4\u4f8b\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3059\u308b\u5c02\u9580\u96c6\u56e3\u5185\u3067\u3082\u77e5\u8b58\u4f53\u7cfb\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u4e00\u69d8\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u80af\u5b9a\u306e\u300c\u6df1\u3055\u300d\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u80af\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3082\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u9032\u3080\u65b9\u5411\u306f\u9055\u3046\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u62bd\u8c61\u3068\u5177\u4f53\u3002\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u767a\u9054\u306e\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u306b\u3082\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3002Epistemic iteration\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u306f\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u4f8b\u304b\u3089\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3060\u3002\u3053\u308c\u304c\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u3060\u3068\u307e\u3067\u306f\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u306a\u3044(\u62bd\u8c61\u3068\u666e\u904d\u3068\u306f\u9055\u3046)\u3002<br \/>\n\u62bd\u8c61\u306e\u610f\u7fa9\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8aac\u5f97\u6027\u306e\u307b\u304b\u3001\u9069\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u6027(\u62bd\u8c61\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u4ee5\u5916\u3067\u3082\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4f8b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u304b?)\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c6\u7ae0<\/strong>\u300cComplementary science: \u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u5ef6\u9577\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u30fb\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u300d\u3002<br \/>\n\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u30fb\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66(HPS)\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308b\u3046\u3048\u3067\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u50cd\u304d\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u305d\u308c\u306fKuhn\u306e\u901a\u5e38\u79d1\u5b66\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u6458\u3068\u3001Popper\u306e\u901a\u5e38\u79d1\u5b66\u6279\u5224\u3068\u306e\u30b8\u30ec\u30f3\u30de\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u5c02\u9580\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u79d1\u5b66(\u901a\u5e38\u79d1\u5b66)\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u9589\u3058\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u3092\u7591\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u554f\u3044\u306e\u5168\u90e8\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u305a\u3001\u89e3\u3051\u306a\u3044\u554f\u984c\u3084\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u554f\u984c\u306f\u7121\u8996\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3092\u3080\u308a\u3084\u308a\u300copen\u300d\u306b\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u3053\u308f\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002<br \/>\nHPS\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u554f\u3044\u3092\u6398\u308a\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306f\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001complementary\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u3092\u679c\u305f\u305b\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<br \/>\n\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u79d1\u5b66\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u7b54\u3048\u306a\u3044\u554f\u984c\u3092\u6271\u3046\u3002<br \/>\n\u6614\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u4e2d\u8eab\u3092\u3001\u4eca\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u306f\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3068\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u6398\u308a\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>Complementary science\u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b?<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Recovery<\/em>\u3002\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3082\u3069\u3059\u3002<br \/>\n\u6cb8\u9a30\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u4e0a\u306e\u904e\u71b1\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5c11\u6570\u306e\u4eba\u4ee5\u5916\u304b\u3089\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u300c\u51b7\u653e\u5c04\u300d\u306f\u4eca\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u4f53\u7cfb\u306b\u6574\u5408\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u51b7\u653e\u5c04\u300d\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u3001\u4eca\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u4f53\u7cfb\u3067\u306f\u3069\u3046\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b? \u518d\u73fe\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082complementary science\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3068\u3044\u3048\u308b\u3002(\u300c\u51b7\u653e\u5c04\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306fEvans &#038; Popp 1985 <em>American Journal of Physics<\/em>\u306e\u5831\u544a\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002)<br \/>\n\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u305fidea\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3082\u3069\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>Critical awareness<\/em>\u3002\u5c02\u9580\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u300c\u5b66\u8aacX\u304c\u8a3c\u62e0A\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u652f\u6301\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u300c\u5b66\u8aacY\u304c\u8a3c\u62e0B\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5426\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300d\u3068\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u304b? \u5b66\u8853\u306e\u767a\u9054\u306e\u7d4c\u904e\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u77e5\u8b58\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3001\u5145\u5206\u306a\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u305d\u3046\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>New developments<\/em>\u3002\u5c02\u9580\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u8ffd\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3092\u3084\u3081\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u65b9\u9762\u306b\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u767a\u5c55\u3055\u305b\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>Complementary science\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u30fb\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u614b\u5ea6\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3002<\/em><br \/>\nComplementary science\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u306f\u9055\u3046\u7acb\u5834\u304b\u3089\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52d5\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u4f1a\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u3068\u6bd4\u3079\u308b\u3068\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u306f\u5185\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5185\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u306f\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u77e5\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u6b62\u307e\u308a\u304c\u3061\u3060\u3002Complementary science\u306f\u3001\u4eca\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u6539\u8a02\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4eca\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u5224\u65ad(normative epistemic evaluations)\u304c\u306f\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u4eca\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u5224\u65ad\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044(Whig\u578b\u306b\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3068\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u77e5\u8b58\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3092\u7591\u3046\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306f\u5171\u901a\u3060\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8981\u56e0\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3046\u304c\u3001complemenary science\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u6539\u8a02\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3068\u306f\u9055\u3046\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3069\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u304c\u3088\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u306f\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u3092\u3042\u3089\u304b\u3058\u3081\u77e5\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3084prescribe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306d\u3089\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u3068\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u30fb\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5171\u901a\u70b9\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eba(\u79d1\u5b66\u8005)\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002Complementary science\u306f\u3001\u8a8d\u8b58\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3081\u3056\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em>\u5c02\u9580\u79d1\u5b66\u3068complementary science\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3002<\/em><br \/>\nComplemenatry science\u306f\u3001\u6279\u5224\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001normative\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u5b66\u8005\u3092prescribe\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n(1) \u5c02\u9580\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304b\u3089\u629c\u3051\u843d\u3061\u305f\u554f\u984c\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046normative\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u7814\u7a76\u305b\u3088\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002(\u5c02\u9580\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3084\u3081\u305f\u7406\u7531\u3082\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002)<br \/>\n(2) \u6368\u3066\u3089\u308c\u305f\u77e5\u8b58\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6368\u3066\u3089\u308c\u305f\u7406\u7531\u304c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u3082\u306f\u3084\u6b63\u5f53\u3067\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5c02\u9580\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u306f\u9055\u3063\u305f\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308b(\u5c02\u9580\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u306f\u5acc\u308f\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Complementary science\u306f\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u5916\u306e\u4eba\u304c\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u751f\u7523\u3067\u304d\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u4e3b\u6d41\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3046\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n== Contents ==<br \/>\nAcknowledgments<br \/>\nContents<br \/>\nNotes on Translation<br \/>\nChronology<br \/>\nIntroduction<br \/>\n1. Keeping the Fixed Points Fixed<br \/>\n &#8211; Narrative: What to Do When Water Refuses to Boil at the Boiling Point<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Blood, Butter, and Deep Cellars: The Necessity and Scarcity of Fixed Points<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Vexatious Variations of the Boiling Point<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Superheating and the Mirage of True Ebullition<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Escape from Superheating<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Understanding of Boiling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; A Dusty Epilogue<br \/>\n &#8211; Analysis: The Meaning and Achievement of Fixity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Validation of Standards: Justificatory Descent<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Iterative Improvement of Standards: Constructive Ascent<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Defense of Fixity: Plausible Denial and Serendipitous Robustness<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Case of the Freezing Point<br \/>\n2. Spirit, Air, and Quicksilver<br \/>\n &#8211; Narrative: The Search for the &#8220;Real&#8221; Scale of Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Problem of Nomic Measurement<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; De Luc and the Method of Mixtures<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Caloric Theories against the Method of Mixtures<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Calorist Mirage of Gaseous Linearity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Regnault: Austerity and Comparability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Verdict: Air over Mercury<br \/>\n &#8211; Analysis: Measurement and Theory in the Context of Empiricism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Achievement of Observability, by Stages<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Comparability and the Ontological Principle of Single Value<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Minimalism against Duhemian Holism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Regnault and Post-Laplacian Empiricism<br \/>\n3. To Go Beyond<br \/>\n &#8211; Narrative: Measuring Temperature When Thermometers Melt and Freeze<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Can Mercury Be Frozen?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Can Mercury Tell Us Its Own Freezing Point?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Consolidating the Freezing Point of Mercury<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Adventures of a Scientific Potter<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; It Is Temperature, but Not As We Know It?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ganging Up on Wedgwood<br \/>\n &#8211; Analysis: The Extension of Concepts beyond Their Birth Domains<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Travel Advisory from Percy Bridgman<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Beyond Bridgman: Meaning, Definition, and Validity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Strategies for Metrological Extension<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Mutual Grounding as a Growth Strategy<br \/>\n4. Theory, Measurement, and Absolute Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; Narrative: The Quest for the Theoretical Meaning of Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperature, Heat, and Cold<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Theoretical Temperature before Thermodynamics<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; William Thomson&#8217;s Move to the Abstract<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thomson&#8217;s Second Absolute Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Semi-Concrete Models of the Carnot Cycle<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Using Gas Thermometers to Approximate Absolute Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; Analysis: Operationalization &#8212; Making Contact between Thinking and Doing<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Hidden Difficulties of Reduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Dealing with Abstractions<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Operationalization and Its Validity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Accuracy through Iteration<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Theoretical Temperature without Thermodynamics?<br \/>\n5. Measurement, Justification, and Scientific Progress<br \/>\n &#8211; Measurement, Circularity, and Coherentism<br \/>\n &#8211; Making Coherentism Progressive: Epistemic Iteration<br \/>\n &#8211; Fruits of Iteration: Enrichment and Self-Correction<br \/>\n &#8211; Tradition, Progress, and Pluralism<br \/>\n &#8211; The Abstract and the Concrete<br \/>\n6. Complementary Science &#8212; History and Philosophy of Science as a Continuation of Science by Other Means<br \/>\n &#8211; The Complementary Function of History and Philosophy of Science<br \/>\n &#8211; Philosophy, History, and Their Interaction in Complementary Science<br \/>\n &#8211; The Character of Knowledge Generated by Complementary Science<br \/>\n &#8211; Relations to Other Modes of Historical and Philosophical Study of Science<br \/>\n &#8211; A Continuation of Science by Other Means<br \/>\nGlossary of Scientific, Historical, and Philosophical Terms<br \/>\nBibliography<br \/>\nIndex<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hasok Chang, 2004, paperback 2007: Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. New York: Oxfor [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6614"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6614\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7574,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6614\/revisions\/7574"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}