{"id":6559,"date":"2016-08-06T12:51:32","date_gmt":"2016-08-06T03:51:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6559"},"modified":"2018-07-17T20:49:39","modified_gmt":"2018-07-17T11:49:39","slug":"michael-l-bender-2013-paleoclimate-%e5%8f%a4%e6%b0%97%e5%80%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6559","title":{"rendered":"Michael L. Bender (2013) Paleoclimate (\u53e4\u6c17\u5019)"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Michael L. <strong>Bender<\/strong>, 2013: <em>Paleoclimate<\/em> (Princeton Primers in Climate). Princeton University Press, 306 pp. ISBN 978-0-691-14555-6.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b9\u30c8\u30f3\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5165\u9580\u66f8\u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30d6\u30ed\u30b0\u3067\u3001Vallis\u306e\u6d77\u6d0b <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=2303\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u3001Randall\u306e\u5927\u6c17<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=2632\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u3001Marshall\u306e\u96ea\u6c37<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5661\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u3001Archer\u306e\u70ad\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=2801\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u3001Haigh &amp; Cargill\u306e\u592a\u967d\u304c\u6c17\u5019\u306b\u304a\u3088\u307c\u3059\u5f71\u97ff<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6122\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u305d\u306e\u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u672c\u3060\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3059\u3050\u306e2013\u5e748\u6708\u306b\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u8aad\u3080\u306e\u306f2016\u5e742\u6708\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3068\u304d\u3068\u3063\u305f\u30e1\u30e2\u30928\u6708\u306b\u5c11\u3057\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u51fa\u3059\u3002\u672c\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u629c\u304d\u66f8\u304d\u304c\u591a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u672c\u81ea\u4f53\u306e\u91cd\u307f\u3065\u3051\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8457\u8005\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u306f\u3001\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u308b\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u5fa9\u5143\u63a8\u5b9a\u3067\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u7d00\u306e\u6c37\u30b3\u30a2\u3092\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3001\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u6750\u6599\u3092\u6271\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u306a\u5909\u5316\u3092\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f(\u672c\u66f8\u307e\u3048\u304c\u304d\u306b\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b)\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u5c02\u9580\u304b\u3089\u6765\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7dcf\u8ad6\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u306e\u4eba\u304c\u9069\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306e\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u306fBroecker\u3060\u3063\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u7d00\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u7dcf\u8aac(\u963f\u90e8\u30fb\u5897\u7530, 1996)\u306e\u539f\u7a3f\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6700\u4e2d\u306b\u51fa\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u305d\u306e\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u306b\u5165\u308c\u305fSowers &amp; Bender (1995)\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u540d\u307e\u3048\u3092\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u5357\u6975\u3068\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u6c37\u30b3\u30a2\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u3066\u6c37\u671f\u304b\u3089\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306b\u79fb\u308b\u6642\u671f\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u969b\u306b(\u6c37\u81ea\u4f53\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f)\u6c37\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u6c17\u6ce1\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u9178\u7d20(O<sub>2<\/sub>)\u306e\u9178\u7d20\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u6bd4\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3002\u5927\u6c17\u306f\u6d77\u6c34\u3088\u308a\u3082\u901f\u304f\u307e\u3056\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u4e21\u534a\u7403\u306e\u6642\u9593\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u3092\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u53c2\u7167\u3055\u308c\u3066\u306f\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5165\u9580\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6587\u732e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5b66\u3073\u305f\u3044\u4eba\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u53c2\u8003\u66f8\u3060\u3051\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3082\u591a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u5404\u7ae0\u5225\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u56f2\u307f\u8a18\u4e8b(box)\u306b\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u306f\u5165\u9580\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u539f\u8ad6\u6587\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u3068\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5b66\u554f\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u3061\u304c\u3044\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u3053\u306e\u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u5dfb\u3067\u6271\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u305d\u306e\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a8d\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u306e\u3042\u3044\u3060\u3067\u3042\u307e\u308a\u3061\u304c\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\u8a8d\u8b58\u306f\u3001\u3044\u307e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u5171\u901a\u306b\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3082\u3001\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u6750\u6599\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u3063\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5c11\u4eba\u6570\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u51fa\u5178\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u304c\u5909\u308f\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306b\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u4fee\u6b63\u3067\u304d\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6e96\u5099\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3048\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u307e\u3048\u304c\u304d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u307e\u305a\u3001\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u306e3\u3064\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n1. (\u5730\u8cea\u8a18\u9332\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u304b\u3089)\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092identify\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068<br \/>\n2. \u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306ecoherent\u3067\u53cd\u8a3c\u53ef\u80fd\u306anarrative\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308b\u3053\u3068<br \/>\n3. \u4e8b\u4ef6\u306edynamics\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u307e\u305f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u52d5\u6a5f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u306e2\u3064\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n1. \u74b0\u5883\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u3053\u3068<br \/>\n2. \u4eba\u70ba\u8d77\u6e90\u306eperturbation\u3078\u306e\u5fdc\u7b54\u306e\u5e45\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5730\u7403\u8868\u5c64\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6027\u8cea\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n1. \u706b\u6210\u6d3b\u52d5 \u2192CO2\u653e\u51fa\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u98a8\u5316\u2192CO2\u5438\u53ce(\u8ca0\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u50cd\u304f)<br \/>\n2. \u5927\u9678\u79fb\u52d5 \u2192\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5883\u754c\u6761\u4ef6 (\u6c37\u5e8a\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b)<br \/>\n3. \u9032\u5316\u3059\u308b\u751f\u7269\u570f \u2192\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u6c17\u4f53(CO2)\u5438\u53ce\u3001\u98a8\u5316\u53cd\u5fdc\u4fc3\u9032\u3001\u592a\u967d\u5149\u53cd\u5c04\u7387\u306e\u5909\u5316(\u68ee\u6797\u306f\u88f8\u5730\u3088\u308a\u6697\u3044)<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306f\u3001\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u3067\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0(\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3092\u542b\u3080)\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3042\u3068\u3001\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3044\u53e4\u3044\u6642\u4ee3\u304b\u3089\u9806\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6642\u9593\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u304c\u9806\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u9006\u65b9\u5411\u3088\u308a\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u9762\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u53e4\u3044\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u304c\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u4e4f\u3057\u304f\u3066\u4e0d\u78ba\u304b\u306a\u63a8\u6e2c\u304c\u591a\u3044\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u3055\u304d\u306b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u9032\u3093\u3067\u3001\u53e4\u3044\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u984c\u6750\u3092\u914d\u5217\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308b(\u53e4\u751f\u4ee3\u3092\u6271\u3046\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u306e\u56f2\u307f\u8a18\u4e8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u308f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u6d77\u5e95\u5806\u7a4d\u7269\u306e\u9178\u7d20\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u8a71\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3001\u306a\u3069)\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3082\u3001\u9806\u5e8f\u3092\u304b\u3048\u3066\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u307b\u3046\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u306f\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u3002\u8981\u70b9\u3092\u6570\u3048\u3042\u3052\u308b\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\u5730\u7403(\u8868\u5c64)\u306e\u5e73\u5747\u6e29\u5ea6\u304c\u5909\u308f\u308b\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6b21\u306e3\u3064\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n1. \u592a\u967d\u304c\u51fa\u3059\u653e\u5c04\u306e\u5909\u5316<br \/>\n2. \u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u6c17\u4f53\u6fc3\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u5316<br \/>\n3. \u30a2\u30eb\u30d9\u30c9\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6d77\u6d0b\u306e\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e5\u3064\u304c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002<br \/>\n1. \u5149\u5408\u6210\u306f\u8868\u9762\u304b\u3089100m\u4ee5\u5185\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u308b<br \/>\n2. \u6d77\u6d0b\u306e\u751f\u7269\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4ee3\u8b1d\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u3001\u539f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u3068\u5358\u7d30\u80de\u306e\u771f\u6838\u751f\u7269\u306b\u3088\u308b<br \/>\n3. 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2008\u5e74)\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u3068\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u307b\u304b\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u96f2\u306e\u3061\u304c\u3044(\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u3001\u592a\u967d\u5149\u53cd\u5c04\u306e\u4e21\u9762)\u3082\u8003\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u3064\u304d\u3042\u308f\u305b\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3002(\u59cb\u751f\u4ee3\u30fb)\u539f\u751f\u4ee3\u306e\u6c37\u6cb3\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<br \/>\n\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6700\u53e4\u306e\u6c37\u6cb3\u4f5c\u7528\u306f29\u5104\u5e74\u524d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u4f4e\u7def\u5ea6\u306b\u6c37\u6cb3\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5168\u7403\u51cd\u7d50(&#8220;snowball 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\/>\n\u5168\u7403\u51cd\u7d50\u72b6\u614b\u304c\u304f\u305a\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u706b\u6210\u6d3b\u52d5\u3067\u5730\u7403\u5185\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u304c\u98a8\u5316\u3067\u6d88\u8cbb\u3055\u308c\u305a\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306b\u305f\u307e\u308a\u3001\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u5f37\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u3002\u300c\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u5168\u7403\u6c17\u6e29\u306e\u5236\u5fa1\u300d\u3002<br \/>\n\u5e8f\u8ad6\u3067\u3082\u3075\u308c\u305f\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u30fb\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u30fb\u6c17\u6e29\u30fb\u5ca9\u77f3\u98a8\u5316\u306eWalker\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3001Berner\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u8a71\u3002Berner\u306f\u5730\u7403\u5185\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u306e\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u4f9b\u7d66\u91cf\u3092\u6d77\u6d0b\u5e95\u62e1\u5927\u3068\u95a2\u9023\u3065\u3051\u305f\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8003\u3048\u306b\u306f\u7570\u8ad6\u3082\u3042\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u7269\u8a3c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u690d\u7269\u306e\u8449\u306e\u6c17\u5b54\u306e\u6570\u5bc6\u5ea6\u3001\u53e4\u571f\u58cc\u3084\u6d77\u5e95\u5806\u7a4d\u7269\u306e\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u306e\u70ad\u7d2013\u3001\u70ad\u9178\u5869\u5ca9\u306eMg\/Ca\u6bd4\u306a\u3069\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u3002\u53e4\u751f\u4ee3\u5f8c\u671f\u306e\u6c37\u6cb3\u6642\u4ee3\u3002<br \/>\n\u77f3\u70ad\u7d00\u30fb\u30da\u30eb\u30e0\u7d00\u306b\u306f\u5927\u9678\u6c37\u5e8a\u304c\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u307e\u3060\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u7d00\u3068\u4f3c\u305f\u6c37\u6cb3\u6027\u6d77\u6c34\u6e96\u5909\u52d5\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u3002\u4e2d\u751f\u4ee3\u3068\u53e4\u7b2c\u4e09\u7d00\u306e\u6696\u304b\u3044\u6c17\u5019\u3002<br \/>\n\u767d\u4e9c\u7d00\u306b\u306f\u5168\u7403\u5e73\u5747\u3067\u3082\u6c17\u6e29\u304c\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u9ad8\u7def\u5ea6\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u3001\u5357\u5317\u6e29\u5ea6\u5dee(\u8d64\u9053\u57df\u3068\u6975\u57df\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u5dee)\u304c\u5c0f\u3055\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6c17\u5019\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3067\u3053\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u3092\u518d\u73fe\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5357\u5317\u6e29\u5ea6\u5dee\u304c\u5145\u5206\u5c0f\u3055\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u30921980\u5e74\u4ee3\u306eBarron\u3092\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u3067\u3082\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u306a\u306e\u3060\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3060\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3067\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u7279\u5fb4\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306b\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5357\u5317\u71b1\u8f38\u9001\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304b (\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u53f0\u98a8\u306e\u305f\u3050\u3044\u306e\u5d50\u304c\u591a\u304f\u3066\u6d77\u306e\u304b\u304d\u307e\u305c\u304c\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304b)? \u96f2\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u304c\u3061\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b(\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6975\u57df\u306e\u51ac\u306b\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u3082\u3064\u96f2\u304c\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304b)?<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u300cThe Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum\u300d(PETM)\u3002<br \/>\nPETM\u306f Kennett &#038; Stott (1991\u5e74)\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u70ad\u7d2013\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u304c\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306b\u51fa\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002\u9178\u7d2018\u304b\u3089\u3001\u7d045\u2103\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6607\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u4e0a\u6607\u306f1\u4e07\u5e74\u304f\u3089\u3044\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u306e\u4e0b\u964d\u306f20\u4e07\u5e74\u304f\u3089\u3044\u304b\u304b\u3063\u3066\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u30cf\u30a4\u30c9\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u5206\u89e3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u653e\u51fa\u3001\u6d77\u5e95\u5806\u7a4d\u7269\u4e2d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u51cd\u571f\u306e\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u306e\u9178\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u653e\u51fa\u304c\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n2\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u5f8c\u306b\u5c0f\u3055\u3081\u306e\u4f3c\u305f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c8\u7ae0\u3002\u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\u306e\u9577\u671f\u7684\u5bd2\u51b7\u5316\u3002<br \/>\n\u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5927\u304d\u304f\u898b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f4e\u4e0b\u306e\u50be\u5411\u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u3082\u30013\u53434\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u524d(Eocene\/Oligocene\u5883\u754c)\u3068\u30011\u53434\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u524d(\u4e2d\u65b0\u4e16\u4e2d\u671f)\u306b\u3001\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f4e\u4e0b\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5357\u6975\u6c37\u5e8a\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u7d049\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u524d(\u4e2d\u65b0\u4e16\u5f8c\u671f)\u306b\u3001C4\u8349\u672c\u304c\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u30c1\u30d9\u30c3\u30c8\u9ad8\u539f\u304c3\u53435\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u304b\u3089\u9686\u8d77\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5317\u5074\u306e\u4e7e\u71e5\u5316\u304c\u9032\u3093\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f8\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u3054\u308d\u3060\u3002(\u3068\u672c\u66f8\u306f\u8a00\u3046\u3002\u5b63\u7bc0\u98a8\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306f\u5e38\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u3046\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u8a00\u3046\u300c\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u300d\u304c\u3069\u3093\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3055\u3059\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u51fa\u5178\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u3063\u3066\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c9\u7ae0\u3002\u5317\u534a\u7403\u306e\u6c37\u5e8a\u5f62\u6210\u3068\u66f4\u65b0\u4e16\u306e\u6c37\u6cb3\u6642\u4ee3<br \/>\n\u6c37\u671f\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3044\u3061\u3070\u3093\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6c37\u671f\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u304c\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002The last ice age \u3068\u3044\u3046\u96d1\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001the Last Glacial Maximum\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u306b\u6c17\u6e29\u304c\u4f4e\u304f\u3001\u9678\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3067\u964d\u6c34\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u690d\u751f\u304c(\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u3088\u308a\u3082)\u307e\u3070\u3089\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u5317\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306eGreat Basin\u306a\u3069\u3001\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u306b\u964d\u6c34\u304c\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6c17\u6e29\u304c\u4f4e\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u3068\u6c37\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u53ef\u80fd\u3060\u3002\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u4f4e\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u306f\u8907\u96d1\u3067\u3001\u751f\u7269\u30dd\u30f3\u30d7\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304c\u3001Martin (1990\u5e74)\u306e\u9244\u4eee\u8aac\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u304b\u306f\u307e\u3060\u4e0d\u660e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9bae\u65b0\u4e16\u524d\u671f-\u4e2d\u671f\u3002\u5357\u6975\u3068\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u6c37\u5e8a\u306f\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u5c0f\u3055\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2\u767e7\u5341\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u304b\u3089\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u3054\u308d\u307e\u3067\u3001\u5317\u534a\u7403\u306e\u6c37\u5e8a\u306e\u6d88\u9577\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306f\u3001\u7d044\u4e07\u5e74\u5468\u671f\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5730\u7403\u306e\u8ecc\u9053\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u65e5\u5c04\u91cf\u306e\u5909\u5316(Milankovitch forcing)\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e\u5730\u8ef8\u306e\u50be\u304d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6b73\u5dee\u306e\u9805\u304c\u304d\u304b\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u306a\u305c\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b? \u5357\u6975\u5927\u9678\u306e\u6c37\u5e8a\u6d88\u9577\u304c\u5317\u534a\u7403\u306e\u5927\u9678\u3068\u9006\u4f4d\u76f8\u3067\u6253\u3061\u6d88\u3057\u3042\u3046\u306e\u304b? \u6c37\u5e8a\u304c(\u306e\u3061\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u3088\u308a\u3082)\u9ad8\u7def\u5ea6\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u9ad8\u7def\u5ea6\u3067\u306f\u6b73\u5dee\u306e\u9805\u306f\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u304b\u3089\u306a\u306e\u304b?<\/p>\n<p>90\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u304b\u3089\u73fe\u5728\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7d0410\u4e07\u5e74\u306e\u5468\u671f\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6c37\u671f\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u306f\u6bce\u56de\u5f62\u306f\u5c11\u3057\u305a\u3064\u9055\u3046\u304c\u3001\u3086\u308b\u3084\u304b\u306a\u6c37\u306e\u84c4\u7a4d\u3068\u6025\u306a\u5d29\u58ca(termination)\u306e\u975e\u5bfe\u79f0\u6027\u306f\u5171\u901a\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n10\u4e07\u5e74\u5468\u671f\u306e\u3057\u304f\u307f\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u6c37\u5e8a\u306fMilankovitch forcing\u306b\u5fdc\u7b54\u3059\u308b<br \/>\n &#8211; \u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u5909\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3046\u3061\u3067\u6c37\u671f\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u307b\u3046\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044<br \/>\n &#8211; \u6c37\u5e8a\u304c\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3057\u304d\u3044\u5024\u3092\u3053\u3048\u3066\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u306b\u306a\u308a\u5d29\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; \u57fa\u76e4\u306e\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u5909\u5f62\u306b\u3088\u308b?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; \u5927\u6c17\u304b\u3089\u9694\u96e2\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5e95\u9762\u3067\u5730\u71b1\u306b\u3088\u308b\u878d\u89e3?<br \/>\n &#8211; \u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u6c17\u6e29\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u6b63\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3068\u3057\u3066\u50cd\u304f<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u3057\u304f\u307f\u306f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304c) \u5357\u5927\u6d0b\u306e\u6df1\u5c64\u3068\u306e\u4ea4\u63db\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u304b\u3002<br \/>\nTermination\u306f\u5317\u534a\u7403\u306e\u590f\u306e\u65e5\u5c04\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6df1\u5c64\u5faa\u74b0\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u5909\u308f\u3063\u3066\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Milankovich forcing\u306f\u6c37\u5e8a\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306e\u3057\u304f\u307f\u3067\u3082\u6c17\u5019\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e9c\u71b1\u5e2f\u306e\u9678\u4e0a\u306e\u4e7e\u6e7f\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u534a\u7403\u306e\u590f\u306e\u65e5\u5c04\u306e\u591a\u3044\u6642\u671f\u306b\u6e7f\u6f64\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3002\u9678\u306e\u52a0\u71b1\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u3068\u3001\u71b1\u5e2f\u53ce\u675f\u5e2f(ITCZ)\u306e\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3068\u306e\u4e21\u8981\u56e0\u304c\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c10\u7ae0\u300c\u6700\u7d42\u6c37\u671f\u4e2d\u306e\u6025\u6fc0\u306a\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u300d\u3002<br \/>\nDansgaard-Oscheger\u632f\u52d5\u3084Heinrich events\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3002<br \/>\n\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u6c37\u3084\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u5806\u7a4d\u7269\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5909\u5316\u306e\u8a71\u3082\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u9060\u65b9\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3060\u3051\u66f8\u304d\u306c\u3044\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u4e2d\u56fd\u306eHulu\u6d1e\u7a9f\u306espeleothem (\u77f3\u7b4d\u306a\u3069) \u306e\u9178\u7d20\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u6bd4\u306f\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5bd2\u51b7\u671f\u306b\u9ad8\u3044\u3002\u4e7e\u71e5(\u590f\u306e\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u96e8\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044)\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u57df\u306e\u6d1e\u7a9f\u306b\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306a\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306eGreat Basin\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5bd2\u51b7\u671f\u306b\u6e7f\u6f64(\u6c34\u4f4d\u304c\u9ad8\u3044)\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u30d9\u30cd\u30ba\u30a8\u30e9(\u5317\u7def10\u5ea6)\u306eCariaco Trench\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5bd2\u51b7\u671f\u306b\u4e7e\u71e5(\u6ce5\u306e\u5806\u7a4d\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044)\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u5317\u6771\u90e8(\u5357\u7def10\u5ea6)\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u5bd2\u51b7\u671f\u306b\u6e7f\u6f64(speleothem\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3057\u304f\u307f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u4eee\u8aac\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u6c37\u5e8a\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u3001\u3068\u3051\u6c34\u306e\u305f\u307e\u308a\u304c\u9593\u6b20\u7684\u306b\u5d29\u308c\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u8868\u5c64\u306e\u5869\u5206\u304c\u8584\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u6df1\u5c64\u6c34\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u304c\u5f31\u307e\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u57df\u306eITCZ (\u964d\u6c34\u5e2f)\u304c\u5357\u306b\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u6df1\u5c64\u5faa\u74b0\u304c\u5f31\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5357\u6975\u307e\u308f\u308a\u3092\u6e29\u6696\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u50cd\u304f\u3002<br \/>\n\u9593\u6b20\u7684\u306a\u6de1\u6c34\u4f9b\u7d66\u306b\u306f\u9650\u308a\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u5869\u5206\u30fb\u6df1\u5c64\u6c34\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u304c\u5fa9\u6d3b\u3057\u3001\u3082\u3068\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3082\u3069\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u308b\u3057\u304f\u307f\u306f\u3001\u5317\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u6c37\u5e8a\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u304c\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306b\u306f\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3042\u3068\u3060\u304c\u5317\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6c37\u5e8a\u304c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306b\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f8\u53432\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u306b\u3001\u5c0f\u898f\u6a21\u3060\u304c\u4f3c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002(\u7b2c11\u7ae0\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u3060\u304c)\u6c37\u5e8a\u3068\u3051\u6c34\u306e\u305b\u304d\u3068\u3081\u6e56 (Agassiz\u6e56) \u304c\u304f\u305a\u308c\u3066\u6de1\u6c34\u304c\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u306b\u6d41\u308c\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u89e3\u6790\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3068\u30011500\u5e74\u5468\u671f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002\u592a\u967d\u6d3b\u52d5(\u30d9\u30ea\u30ea\u30a6\u30e010\u304b\u3089\u63a8\u5b9a)\u306e\u5909\u52d5\u306f(\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3068\u9055\u3063\u3066)\u3053\u308c\u3068\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002Alley\u307b\u304b(2001\u5e74, <em>Quaternary Science Reviews<\/em>)\u306f\u3001stochastic resonance\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c11\u7ae0\u3001\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u3002<br \/>\n\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16(Holocene)\u306f11700\u5e74\u524d(Younger Dryas\u4e8b\u4ef6\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a)\u4ee5\u5f8c\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3002(Anthropocene\u3092\u5206\u3051\u308b\u8003\u3048\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u306e\u9577\u671f\u50be\u5411\u306b\u306f\u3001Milankovitch forcing\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u3044\u304f\u3089\u304b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5317\u534a\u7403\u306e\u590f\u306e\u65e5\u5c04\u304c\u30011\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u306f\u591a\u304f\u3001\u4eca\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u521d\u3081\u306f\u307e\u3060\u5317\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u6c37\u5e8a\u304c\u5c11\u3057\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5317\u534a\u7403\u9ad8\u7def\u5ea6\u306e\u6e29\u6696\u671f\u306f7\u5343-4\u5343\u5e74\u524d\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u71b1\u5e2f\u3067\u306f\u4e7e\u6e7f\u306e\u5909\u5316\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u3001ITCZ\u306e\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u304b\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306f\u533a\u5225\u3057\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; Cariaco (\u5317\u7def10\u5ea6)\u3067\u306f\u30011\u4e07-6\u5343\u5e74\u524d\u306b\u6e7f\u6f64\u3001\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4e7e\u71e5\u5316\u50be\u5411\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u8d64\u9053\u897f\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5869\u5206\u304c\u8584\u304f\u306a\u308b\u50be\u5411\u3002\u96e8\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u304c\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u304b\u3089\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u306b\u79fb\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u4e2d\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306e\u65e9\u3044\u6642\u671f\u306b\u6e7f\u6f64\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; Flores (\u5357\u7def8\u5ea6)\u3067\u306f\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306e\u9593\u306b(\u5357\u534a\u7403\u306e)\u590f\u306e\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u5f37\u307e\u308b\u50be\u5411\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u30bf\u30f3\u30b6\u30cb\u30a2\u306eChalla\u6e56(\u5357\u7def3\u5ea6)\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u534a\u7403\u306e\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u5f37\u3044\u3068\u304d\u3082\u6e7f\u6f64\u3067\u30011\u4e07\u5e74\u5468\u671f\u5909\u52d5 [\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306b\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\u9577\u3044\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u306e\u8a71]\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab (\u30cb\u30b8\u30a7\u30fc\u30eb\u3001\u30ca\u30a4\u30eb\u5ddd\u6d41\u57df\u306a\u3069) \u3067\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306e\u9593\u306b\u4e7e\u71e5\u5316\u50be\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Bond\u307b\u304b(2001\u5e74, <em>Science<\/em>)\u306f\u3001\u5b8c\u65b0\u4e16\u306b\u3082\u3001\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u6c37\u5c71\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u904b\u3070\u308c\u305f\u7815\u5c51\u7269\u306e\u91cf\u306e\u5909\u52d5\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u70ad\u7d2014\u751f\u6210\u7387\u3068\u306e\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u304b\u3089\u3001\u592a\u967d\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u5f31\u3044\u3068\u304d\u5bd2\u51b7\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3057\u304f\u307f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u3067\u3082\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3067\u3082\u3001\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u592a\u967d\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3057\u304f\u307f\u306e\u5019\u88dc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7d2b\u5916\u7dda\u2192\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u2192\u5bfe\u6d41\u570f(\u5317\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u632f\u52d5)\u3001\u592a\u967d\u653e\u5c04\u2192\u71b1\u5e2f\u6d77\u6d0b(\u3068\u304f\u306b\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b)\u2192\u5927\u6c17\u6d77\u6d0b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u306a\u3069\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u3053\u3067\u8a71\u984c\u306f\u73fe\u4ee3\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f(\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u3082\u305f\u3073\u305f\u3073\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f)\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306b\u79fb\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u30b5\u30d8\u30eb\u306e\u304b\u3093\u3070\u3064 (\u4f8b\u30011960-1980\u5e74)\u3002\u71b1\u5e2f\u306e\u6d77\u9762\u6c34\u6e29\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u6d0b\u30fb\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u304c(\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u3088\u308a\u3082)\u9ad8\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3001\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u5357\u5317\u52fe\u914d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u304c\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u5317\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5927\u5e73\u539f\u306e\u304b\u3093\u3070\u3064 (\u4f8b\u3001Dust Bowl 1932-1938\u5e74)\u3002\u71b1\u5e2f\u306e\u6d77\u9762\u6c34\u6e29\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u3067\u4f4e\u6e29\u3001\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u3067\u9ad8\u6e29\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d1\u30bf\u30f3\u304c\u304b\u3093\u3070\u3064\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u3002<br \/>\n(\u6d77\u9762\u6c34\u6e29\u504f\u5dee\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u307e\u3067\u306f\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c12\u7ae0\u3002\u4eba\u70ba\u8d77\u6e90\u306e\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u3092\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u4eba\u985e\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\u306e\u5bd2\u51b7\u5316\u50be\u5411\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u7d00\u306e\u6c37\u671f\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u9032\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u3092\u3057\u3001\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u8981\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u8eab\u4f53\u80fd\u529b 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\u8015\u4e00, \u963f\u90e8 \u5f69\u5b50, 1996: \u7b2c\u56db\u7d00\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u3002\u300c<em>\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u8ad6<\/em>\u300d (\u4f4f \u660e\u6b63 \u307b\u304b\u8457, \u5ca9\u6ce2\u8b1b\u5ea7 \u5730\u7403\u60d1\u661f\u79d1\u5b66 <strong>11<\/strong>, \u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97), 103 &#8212; 156.<\/li>\n<li>T. Sowers &amp; M. Bender, 1995: Climate records covering the last deglaciation. <em>Science<\/em>, <strong>269<\/strong>: 210-214.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u5404\u7ae0(\u7b2c12\u7ae0\u3092\u9664\u304f)\u3068Box\u306b\u3042\u308b\u300cReferences\u300d\u306f\u76ee\u6b21\u9805\u76ee\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3042\u3052\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n== \u76ee\u6b21 ==<br \/>\nContents<br \/>\nList of Boxes<br \/>\nPreface<br \/>\nAcknowledgments<br \/>\n1. Earth&#8217;s Climate System<br \/>\n &#8211; Atmospheric properties and climate<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Pressure and temperature as a function of altitude<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Solar heating and radiative equilibrium<br \/>\n &#8211; Atmospheric circulation<br \/>\n &#8211; The oceans<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ocean circulation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ocean biogeochemistry<br \/>\n &#8211; Regulation of atmospheric CO2 and Earth&#8217;s temperature over millions of years<br \/>\n &#8211; Implications for paleoclimate<br \/>\n2. The Faint Young Sun<br \/>\n &#8211; The faint young sun problem<br \/>\n &#8211; Keeping Earth warm despite a darker sun<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 1] Stable isotope abundance variations<br \/>\n3. Precambrian Glaciations<br \/>\n &#8211; Evidence for snowball glaciations<br \/>\n &#8211; Causes of snowball glaciations and deglaciations<br \/>\n &#8211; Entering into snowball glaciations<br \/>\n4. Regulation of the Earth System and Global Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; Background<br \/>\n &#8211; A mathematical model to reconstruct the atmospheric CO2 concentration<br \/>\n &#8211; Testing Berner&#8217;s model<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon dioxide changes in the context of large-scale changes in the Earth system during the Phanerozoic<br \/>\n5. The Late Paleozoic Ice Ages<br \/>\n &#8211; The record of glaciation<br \/>\n &#8211; Paleozoic cyclothems: the record of glacioeustatic sea level variations<br \/>\n &#8211; Global climate variations during the Late Paleozoic<br \/>\n &#8211; Dynamics of the Late Paleozoic glaciations<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 2] Oxygen isotope paleothermometry using foraminifera and other CaCO3 fossils<br \/>\n &#8211; Remaining mysteries<br \/>\n6. Equable Climates of the Mesozoic and Paleogene<br \/>\n &#8211; Ocean temperatures during the time of equable climates<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 3] Proxies for characterizing Cenozoic climates<br \/>\n &#8211; Land temperatures during the Cretaceous and Paleogene<br \/>\n &#8211; Dynamics of equable climates<br \/>\n &#8211; Was Earth ever glaciated during Cretaceous and Paleogene times of equable climates?<br \/>\n7. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum<br \/>\n &#8211; The PETM event: timing, duration, and magnitude of the temperature change<br \/>\n &#8211; The magnitude of CO2 injection and global warming<br \/>\n &#8211; Ocean acidification and CaCO3 accumulation in sediments<br \/>\n &#8211; Possible sources of carbon dioxide or methane<br \/>\n8. The Long Cooling of the Cenozoic<br \/>\n &#8211; The cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary<br \/>\n &#8211; The Middle Miocene cooling (MI-1), 13.8 Ma<br \/>\n &#8211; Causes of Oligocene and Miocene coolings<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 4] Orbital variations and climate<br \/>\n &#8211; Changing climates and the rise of C4 grasses during the Cenozoic<br \/>\n &#8211; Origin of the Indian and East Asian monsoons<br \/>\n9. The Origin of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation and the Pleistocene Ice Ages<br \/>\n &#8211; Earth&#8217;s surface during the last ice age<br \/>\n &#8211; Glacial-interglacial changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 5] Ice cores<br \/>\n &#8211; Why was Earth colder during the ice ages?<br \/>\n &#8211; Evolution of Earth&#8217;s climate system over the past five million years<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The warmer world of the Early Pliocene<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Origin of Northern Hemisphere glaciation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The &#8220;40K World&#8221;, 2.7 &#8211; 1 Ma<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The transition to the 100K World, ~ 1 Ma<br \/>\n &#8211; The nature and dynamics of the 100 kyr World, 0.9 Ma to present<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sawtooth climate cycles recorded by delta-18-O of foraminifera<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Greenhouse gas concentration changes during the ice ages<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Regional temperature histories recorded in the isotopic composition of ice from ice cores<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ice age terminations<br \/>\n &#8211; Orbitally driven climate change independent of the ice sheets<br \/>\n &#8211; What drives the 100 kyr ice age cycles?<br \/>\n10. Rapid Climate Change during the Last Glacial Period<br \/>\n &#8211; Climate changes recorded in the Greenland ice cores<br \/>\n &#8211; Millennial climate change in the North Atlantic during the ice ages<br \/>\n &#8211; Climate change in the tropics and midlatitudes<br \/>\n &#8211; Climate change in Antarctica<br \/>\n &#8211; Causes of rapid climate change events during the ice ages<br \/>\n &#8211; What controls the tempo of Dansgaard-Oeschger events?<br \/>\n11. The Holocene<br \/>\n &#8211; Holocene climate change associated with precession<br \/>\n &#8211; Millennial-duration rapid climate change during the Holocene<br \/>\n &#8211; Was solar variability an important cause of Holocene climate change?<br \/>\n &#8211; Other Holocene climate events<br \/>\n12. Anthropogenic Global Warming in the Context of Paleoclimate<br \/>\nGlossary<br \/>\nIndex<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Michael L. Bender, 2013: Paleoclimate (Princeton Primers in Climate). Princeton University Press, 306 pp. ISBN [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6559","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6559"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6559\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8083,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6559\/revisions\/8083"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6559"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6559"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}