{"id":6103,"date":"2015-12-03T23:46:00","date_gmt":"2015-12-03T14:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6103"},"modified":"2016-10-21T11:46:35","modified_gmt":"2016-10-21T02:46:35","slug":"ian-roulstone-john-norbury-2013-invisible-in-the-storm-the-role-of-mathematics-in-understanding-weather","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=6103","title":{"rendered":"Ian Roulstone &amp; John Norbury (2013) Invisible in the Storm &#8212; The Role of Mathematics in Understanding Weather"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Ian <strong>Roulstone<\/strong> &#038; John <strong>Norbury<\/strong>, 2013: <em>Invisible in the Storm &#8212; The Role of Mathematics in Understanding Weather<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 325 pp. ISBN 978-0-691-15272-1 (hardcover)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2015\u5e747\u6708\u3001\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b9\u30c8\u30f3\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u305f\u5225\u306e\u672c\u3092\u6ce8\u6587\u3059\u308b\u3064\u3044\u3067\u306b\u65b0\u520a\u6848\u5185\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3089\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u6ce8\u6587\u3057\u305f\u30028\u6708\u306b\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6c17\u8c61\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u3082\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u5faa\u74b0\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7406\u89e3\u3068\u3001\u6570\u5024\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fdc\u7528\u3068\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u6b74\u53f2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8aad\u307f\u3082\u306e\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u306f\u6c17\u5019\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6bce\u65e5\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u3068\u3001\u5730\u7403\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308b\u98a8\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u3082\u3001\u4e2d\u30fb\u9ad8\u7def\u5ea6\u3092\u5ff5\u982d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u71b1\u5e2f\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u306f\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u6271\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044(\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u8fd1\u304f\u3067\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306echallenge\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u6570\u5b66\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5fdc\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u3092\u5c02\u9580\u3068\u3059\u308b\u8077\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001<em>Large-Scale Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics<\/em>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u672c\u306e\u7de8\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u8e0f\u307f\u3053\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u6570\u5b66\u304c\u672c\u62e0\u3067\u6c17\u8c61\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5fdc\u7528\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3044\u3046\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u6587\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6587\u732e\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5dfb\u672b\u306b\u306f\u6587\u732e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u52c9\u5f37\u3057\u305f\u3044\u4eba\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u53c2\u8003\u66f8\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u8457\u8005\u304c\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305f\u539f\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u66f8\u8a8c\u60c5\u5831\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u8aad\u307f\u7269\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u304c\u3061\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3060\u304c\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\u304b\u3089\u898b\u308c\u3070\u300cWhig\u53f2\u89b3\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u52dd\u3066\u3070\u5b98\u8ecd\u53f2\u89b3\u300d\u3068\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u601d\u3044\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001Poincar&eacute;\u306e\u4e09\u4f53\u554f\u984c\u8ad6\u3092Lorenz\u306e\u30ab\u30aa\u30b9\u8ad6\u306b\u6295\u5f71\u3057\u3066\u898b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3088\u308a\u3082\u8e0f\u307f\u3053\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9ad8\u6821\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u30fb\u7269\u7406\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u305f\u3060\u3057\u8a71\u984c\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308c\u3070\u3088\u304f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u3067\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044)\u3002\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u6d77\u5cb8\u306e\u6ce2\u3046\u3061\u304e\u308f\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u306b\u306f\u308f\u304b\u308a\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u304b\u3053\u307f\u8a18\u4e8b\u306f\u6570\u5f0f\u3092\u542b\u307f\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u5de5\u7cfb\u57fa\u790e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306e\u6570\u5b66\u30fb\u7269\u7406\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306e\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306f\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u540c\u6642\u306b\u7269\u7406\u5316\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3044\u3046\u7269\u7406\u306b\u306f(Euler\u304c\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u305f\u5f62\u306e)Newton\u529b\u5b66\u3068\u3001\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306fVilhelm Bjerknes (1862 &#8211; 1951)\u3068Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898 &#8211; 1957)\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u304c\u91cd\u8996\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u6570\u5024\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u306e\u767a\u9054\u3092Richardson\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b\u898b\u3066\u304d\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u306eRichardson\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u306f\u3001Bjerknes\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3010\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304cLakatos\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u501f\u308a\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3011\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u4e00\u3064\u306e(prognosis\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306e)\u679d\u3060\u3051\u3092\u8ffd\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u884c\u304d\u8a70\u307e\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u5f8c\u534a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u8003\u3048\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6570\u5024\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u306e\u884c\u304d\u8a70\u307e\u308a\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u514b\u670d\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u304d\u304c\u6271\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u540d\u307e\u3048\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u306fEdward N. Lorenz (1917 &#8211; 2008)\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u304b\u3089\u904e\u53bb\u3092\u3075\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066Henri Poincar&eacute; (1854 &#8211; 1912)\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9084\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306fbottom-up approach\u3068\u3001holism\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306ftop-down approach\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u306e\u5bfe\u6bd4\u304c\u305f\u3073\u305f\u3073\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8457\u8005\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u9996\u5c3e\u4e00\u8cab\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306f\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u306a\u30df\u30af\u30ed\u3068\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u306e\u533a\u5225\u3067\u3042\u308b\u9650\u308a\u306f\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u6d41\u4f53\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3066\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3092\u9084\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u3001\u5730\u7403\u5927\u6c17\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304cholistic\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u9806\u5e8f\u3067\u306f<strong>\u7b2c2\u7ae0<\/strong>\u3060\u304c\u3001\u307e\u305aBjerknes\u3088\u308a\u3082\u524d\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u898b\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Galileo, Torricelli\u3084\u305d\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3001\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c17\u8c61\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u5727\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306eRoyal Society, \u30d5\u30a3\u30ec\u30f3\u30c4\u30a7\u306eAccademia del Cimento, \u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u79d1\u5b66\u30a2\u30ab\u30c7\u30df\u30fc\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u6c17\u8c61\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u6a19\u6e96\u3067\u884c\u306a\u3063\u3066\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u8868\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u822a\u6d77\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u96c6\u307e\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002Halley (1686\u5e74)\u306f\u8cbf\u6613\u98a8\u306e\u56f3\u3092\u4f5c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u305d\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u305f\u3002\u592a\u967d\u304c\u3072\u3063\u3071\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u306f\u307e\u3061\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5bfe\u6d41\u3001\u8d64\u9053\u3068\u6975\u306e\u52a0\u71b1\u5dee\u3001\u306a\u3069\u306f\u4eca\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3068\u5171\u901a\u3060\u3002Hadley (1735\u5e74)\u306f\u5730\u7403\u306e\u81ea\u8ee2\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u3001\u8cbf\u6613\u98a8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u4eca\u3067\u3082\u901a\u7528\u3059\u308b\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u3060\u6570\u91cf\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u307e\u305aEuler (1757\u5e74)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306e\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u300119\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u9593\u306b\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6c17\u8c61\u306b\u529b\u5b66\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5730\u7403\u306e\u81ea\u8ee2\u306e\u52b9\u679c(Coriolis\u306e\u529b)\u3092\u542b\u3081\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306eFerrel (1817 &#8211; 1891)\u306f1850\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306e\u9805\u3092\u5165\u308c\u305f\u5927\u6c17\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3092\u793a\u3057(\u305f\u3060\u3057Coriolis\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044)\u3001(\u305d\u306e\u5f0f\u3092\u89e3\u3044\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u3057\u3066)\u5927\u6c17\u5927\u5faa\u74b0\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c1\u7ae0<\/strong>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7269\u7406\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u6c17\u8c61\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u6253\u3061\u51fa\u3059\u307e\u3067\u306eV. Bjerknes\u306e\u7d4c\u6b74\u3092\u305f\u3069\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7236Carl\u304c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u3001\u30a8\u30fc\u30c6\u30eb\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6d41\u4f53\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u96fb\u78c1\u6c17\u5b66\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001Vilhelm\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u624b\u4f1d\u3046\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3089\u7269\u7406\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308a\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u3002Hertz\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u5b66\u3073\u3001\u6e26\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u3057\u3066\u30011892\u5e74\u306b\u535a\u58eb\u53f7\u3092\u3068\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Stockholm\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6559\u54e1\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u540c\u50da\u306b\u3001Arrhenius\u3001\u6c17\u7403\u3084\u305f\u3053\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c17\u8c61\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u4f01\u753b\u3057\u305fNils Ekholm\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u3057\u6f01\u696d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6d77\u6d41\u4e88\u6e2c\u306b\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305fOtto Pettersson \u3010<em>Osiris<\/em> <strong>26<\/strong>\u306eBohn\u306e\u8ad6\u6587<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5468\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u306b\u3082\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u5316\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306fPetterssen\u3068\u3064\u3065\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u307e\u3061\u304c\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3011\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3044\u305f\u3002Kelvin\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u5b9a\u7406(\u6e26\u306f\u4e0d\u751f\u4e0d\u6ec5)\u306b\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u3001Bjerknes\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u5b9a\u7406(\u8ad6\u65871898\u5e74)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5727\u529b\u3068\u5bc6\u5ea6\u304c\u4e00\u610f\u7684\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306a\u3089\u3070\u6e26\u306f\u751f\u6210\u3057\u3046\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>19\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u534a\u306b\u306f\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306a\u3069\u3067\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u306f\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7269\u7406\u6cd5\u5247\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u6c17\u8c61\u3092\u4e88\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u307e\u305a1901\u5e74\u306b\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306eAbbe\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3001\u7d9a\u3044\u30661904\u5e74\u306bBjerknes\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u304c\u51fa\u305f\u3002Bjerknes\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092diagnosis\u3068prognosis\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001diagnosis\u306f\u89b3\u6e2c\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066prognosis\u306e\u521d\u671f\u5024\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3002\u307e\u305f\u6642\u9593\u7a7a\u9593\u3092\u7c97\u8996\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002Abbe\u306e\u7d39\u4ecb\u3067\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306eCarnegie Institution\u304cBjerknes\u3092\u77e5\u308a\u30011906\u5e74\u300135\u5e74\u9593\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8cbb\u3092\u7d04\u675f\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Bjerknes\u306f1913\u5e74\u306bLeipzig\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u6559\u6388\u306b\u5c31\u4efb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u969b\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14\u306f\u30011914\u5e74\u306b<em>Monthly Weather Review<\/em>\u306b\u306e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u3092(\u5929\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a) &#8220;exact science&#8221; \u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3081\u3056\u3057\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u306b\u9593\u306b\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u7269\u7406\u6cd5\u5247\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4e88\u6e2c\u578b\u8a08\u7b97\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u6a19\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c3\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306e\u521d\u3081\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3067\u306fRichardson\u306e\u6570\u5024\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u77ed\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3057\u3063\u304b\u308a\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/reading\/richardson.html\">[Richardson\u306e\u672c\u306e\u8aad\u66f8\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8]<\/a>\u3068\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u591a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u7d39\u4ecb\u306f\u7701\u7565\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001Richardson\u306e\u5931\u6557\u306fdeeper understanding in meteorology\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30101970\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u3067\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u3092Rossby\u6ce2\u30e2\u30fc\u30c9\u3068\u91cd\u529b\u6ce2\u30e2\u30fc\u30c9\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3066\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u306e\u6b8b\u308a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3067\u306f\u30011917\u5e74\u306b\u30ce\u30eb\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u306eBergen\u5927\u5b66\u306b\u79fb\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u306eBjerknes\u3068\u305d\u306e\u90e8\u4e0b\u30fb\u5f1f\u5b50\u305f\u3061\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u305f\u3069\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Bjerknes\u306f\u6c17\u8c61\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u4e88\u5831\u306e\u8fb2\u696d\u30fb\u822a\u7a7a\u30fb\u56fd\u9632\u3078\u306e\u610f\u7fa9\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u56fd\u306b\u50cd\u304d\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001Bergen\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u5b9f\u5730\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u4e88\u5831\u696d\u52d9\u3082\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u30021924\u5e74\u306bOslo\u306b\u30ce\u30eb\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u5b98\u5e81\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3082Bergen\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u696d\u52d9\u3082\u5b58\u7d9a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Bjerknes\u306f\u5faa\u74b0\u5b9a\u7406\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3057\u305f\u3002\u98a8\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u5024\u304b\u3089\u53ce\u675f\u306f\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3088\u304f\u8a08\u7b97\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u304c\u6e26\u5ea6\u306f\u3067\u304d\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u6c34\u5e73\u9762\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7b49\u5bc6\u5ea6\u9762\u4e0a\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u3092\u3001\u6e26\u5ea6\u304c\u6d41\u3055\u308c\u3001\u53ce\u675f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6e26\u5ea6\u304c\u96c6\u307e\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u304b\u305f\u3067\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u306b\u306f\u82e5\u624b\u8077\u54e1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001Bjerknes\u306e\u606f\u5b50\u306eJacob\u3001Solberg\u3001Bergeron\u304c\u3044\u305f\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u304c\u3001\u524d\u7dda\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u6e29\u5e2f\u4f4e\u6c17\u5727\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c\u6c17\u56e3\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6c17\u56e3\u306e\u8d77\u6e90\u3068\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5b9f\u5730\u306e\u4e88\u5831\u306b\u6709\u7528\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3053\u3053\u307e\u3067\u3092\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u307e\u3068\u3081\u308b\u3002Bjerknes\u304c1904\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7269\u7406\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u304fbottom up\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306f\u3001Richardson\u304c\u8a66\u307f\u3066\u884c\u304d\u8a70\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002Bjerknes\u306f\u3001\u307e\u305a(\u6e26\u5ea6\u3068\u53ce\u675f\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305fsynpotic\u306a\u89b3\u5bdf\u3067)\u73fe\u8c61\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u7406\u8ad6\u3092(\u6e26\u5ea6\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066)\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046top down\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3067\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3010bottom up\u3068top down\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c4\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u306e\u4e88\u6e2c\u304c\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u3044\u7406\u7531\u306e\u3072\u3068\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u975e\u7dda\u5f62\u6027\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306fBjerknes\u306e1904\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u3082\u3059\u3067\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7c21\u5358\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u3001Euler\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306b\u3001\u98a8\u901f\u304c\u98a8\u901f\u3067\u6d41\u3055\u308c\u308b\u9805\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3060\u3002\u3010\u5f0f\u3092\u898b\u308c\u3070\u3001\u98a8\u901f\u306e\u7a7a\u9593\u5fae\u5206\u306b\u98a8\u901f\u304c\u304b\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u672c\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u98a8\u901f\u306b\u98a8\u901f\u304c\u304b\u304b\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8aad\u8005\u306b\u6b63\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u306e\u5370\u8c61\u304c\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u4f1d\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3001Interlude (\u9593\u594f\u66f2)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u304b\u3053\u307f\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7269\u7406\u6cd5\u5247\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u3042\u308b\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u9023\u9396\u306f\u304d\u308a\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3010\u3069\u3053\u304b\u3067\u6253\u3061\u5207\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u5b9f\u884c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3011\u3002\u9084\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066holism\u306e\u6d1e\u5bdf\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c5\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u304a\u3082\u306bRossby\u306e\u696d\u7e3e\u3092\u305f\u3069\u308b\u3002Rossby\u306f\u30b9\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u30c7\u30f3\u4eba\u3067\u3001Stockholm\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u6570\u7406\u7269\u7406\u3001Bergen\u3068Leipzig\u3067Bjerknes\u6d41\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u3092\u5b66\u3073\u3001Stockholm\u306b\u3082\u3069\u3063\u3066\u6c17\u8c61\u5e81\u3067\u50cd\u304d\u306a\u304c\u3089Fredholm\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u30021925\u5e74\u304b\u308925\u5e74\u9593\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3067\u50cd\u304d\u30011928\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u306fMIT\u30011941\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u306f\u30b7\u30ab\u30b4\u5927\u5b66\u3067\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u6d1e\u5bdf\u306e\u4eba\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u30fb\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3082\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u307e\u305a\u3001Bergen\u5b66\u6d3e\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u56f3\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u9ad8\u6c17\u5727\u30fb\u4f4e\u6c17\u5727\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u5fc3(centers of action)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8003\u3048\u305f\u3002\u505c\u6ede\u3059\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u3084\u3001\u3086\u3063\u304f\u308a\u52d5\u304f\u73fe\u8c61\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u3048\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rossby\u306f\u7269\u7406\u6cd5\u5247\u306e\u3046\u3061\u4fdd\u5b58\u5247\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u89d2\u904b\u52d5\u91cf\u4fdd\u5b58\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306fBjerknes\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u5b9a\u7406\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u3002(Richardson\u3068\u9055\u3063\u3066)\u554f\u984c\u3092\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6469\u64e6\u3001\u5730\u5f62\u3001\u71b1\u6e90\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u51dd\u7d50\u306a\u3069\u3092\u7701\u7565\u3057\u3001\u539a\u307f\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u3001\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u6d41\u4f53\u5c64\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3010\u925b\u76f4\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u306f\u4e00\u69d8\u306a\u6c34\u5e732\u6b21\u5143\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u8a71\u306e\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002\u3011 \u5bc6\u5ea6\u3092\u4e00\u5b9a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3067\u97f3\u6ce2\u306f\u73fe\u308f\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30b3\u30ea\u30aa\u30ea\u9805\u306e\u7def\u5ea6\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9055\u3044\u306f\u542b\u3081\u308b\u3002\u6c34\u5e73\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f(\u904b\u52d5\u91cf\u306e\u5f0f)\u3092\u5fae\u5206\u3057\u3066\u6c17\u5727\u3092\u6d88\u53bb\u3057\u3001\u6e26\u5ea6\u306e\u4fdd\u5b58\u306e\u5f0f\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5730\u7403\u306b\u56fa\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u5ea7\u6a19\u7cfb\u3067\u898b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3075\u3064\u3046\u306b\u6e26\u5ea6\u3092\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5730\u7403\u306b\u76f8\u5bfe\u7684\u306a\u56de\u8ee2\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5730\u7403\u306e\u81ea\u8ee2\u306e\u3076\u3093\u3092\u300c\u60d1\u661f\u6e26\u5ea6\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u305f\u3057\u305f\u300c\u7d76\u5bfe\u6e26\u5ea6\u300d(\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u306ftotal vorticity)\u306e\u4fdd\u5b58\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7d76\u5bfe\u6e26\u5ea6\u4fdd\u5b58\u304b\u3089\u3001Rossby\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306f2\u3064\u306b\u5206\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u69d8\u306b\u897f\u98a8\u304c\u3075\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u57fa\u672c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5fae\u5c0f\u306a\u6b63\u5f26\u6ce2\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3092\u8003\u3048\u305f\u6442\u52d5\u8ad6\u3060\u3002\u305d\u306e\u89e3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u6ce2\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u304cRossby\u6ce2\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3082\u3046\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306f\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u3084\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u3001\u6e26\u7ba1\u306e\u306e\u3073\u3061\u3062\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3001\u7d76\u5bfe\u6e26\u5ea6\u306e\u4fdd\u5b58\u3092\u62e1\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3001potential vorticity\u306e\u4fdd\u5b58\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3002\u985e\u4f3c\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u306f\u3001Berlin\u306eErtel\u3068\u305d\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u3092\u5b66\u3093\u3060Kleinschmidt\u3082\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c6\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u7b2c2\u6b21\u5927\u6226\u76f4\u5f8c\u304b\u30891950\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u3081\u307e\u3067\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u3068\u6570\u5024\u4e88\u5831\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u6570\u5024\u4e88\u5831\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6e96\u5730\u8861\u98a8\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u3046\u3061\u30011950\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f1\u5c64\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u8a71\u304c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u591a\u5c64\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u6982\u7565\u3060\u3051\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306e\u9769\u65b0\u30fb\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u9032\u3093\u3060\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306f\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u5834\u306b\u5fae\u5c0f\u632f\u5e45\u306e\u6ce2\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u6442\u52d5\u8ad6\u3060\u3002Rossby\u6ce2\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6b63\u5f26\u6ce2(\u632f\u5e45\u306f\u6642\u9593\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u308f\u3089\u306a\u3044)\u306e\u307b\u304b\u306b\u3001\u6307\u6570\u95a2\u6570\u7684\u306b\u5897\u5e45\u3059\u308b\u6ce2\u3092\u6271\u3046\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u8ad6\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u6e29\u5e2f\u4f4e\u6c17\u5727\u306e\u767a\u9054\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u50be\u5727\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u8ad6(Charney 1947, Eady 1949)\u304c\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5fae\u5c0f\u632f\u5e45\u3067\u306a\u3044\u73fe\u5b9f\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u306b\u306f\u6271\u3048\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5fae\u5c0f\u3067\u306a\u3044\u632f\u5e45\u3067\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u4f4e\u6c17\u5727\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3082\u300c\u9069\u8005\u751f\u5b58\u300d\u7684\u8003\u3048\u304b\u305f\u3067\u7406\u89e3\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002Charney\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u6570\u5b66\u5316\u306e\u52dd\u5229\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001Eady\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u7269\u7406\u7684\u76f4\u89b3\u306b\u3046\u3063\u305f\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3082\u3046\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306f\u3001\u975e\u7dda\u5f62\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3001\u6570\u5024\u89e3\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u6570\u5024\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u7814\u7a76\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9032\u3093\u3060\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001Richardson\u306e\u3084\u308a\u304b\u305f\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u5b9f\u884c\u56f0\u96e3\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306e\u5404\u9805\u306e\u91cf\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u3066\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u306b\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3059\u308b\u300c\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u89e3\u6790\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u304b\u305f(Charney\u306e1948\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306a\u3069)\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u305d\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u89e3\u6790\u306f\u4e2d\u9ad8\u7def\u5ea6\u306e\u5927\u6c17\u306b\u7279\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u71b1\u5e2f\u306e\u6271\u3044\u306f\u3042\u3068\u306b\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6570\u5024\u4e88\u5831\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306e\u52d5\u6a5f\u3001von Neumann, Rossby, Charney\u304c\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u3069\u3093\u306a\u52d5\u304d\u3092\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3082\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u307b\u304b\u306e\u672c\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070Harper (2008)<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/reading\/harper_weather.html\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8]<\/a>\u3068\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u7d39\u4ecb\u306f\u7701\u7565\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3010\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u65b0\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001Charney\u306f\u3001\u6bcd\u89aa\u304c\u30d4\u30a2\u30cb\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u3001\u5c11\u5e74\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u53cb\u3060\u3061\u306bMenuhin\u304c\u3044\u308b\u306a\u3069\u3001\u97f3\u697d\u306b\u89aa\u3057\u3093\u3067\u80b2\u3061\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3082\u97f3\u697d\u306e\u6bd4\u55a9\u3092\u3088\u304f\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c7\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306fLorenz\u306e\u30ab\u30aa\u30b9\u3002\u521d\u671f\u5024\u306e\u308f\u305a\u304b\u306a\u9055\u3044\u304c\u6642\u9593\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u62e1\u5927\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u904b\u52d5\u3092\u8ffd\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u72b6\u614b\u7a7a\u9593\u3067\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3059\u308b (top-down approach\u3068\u898b\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u3002\u3010\u3057\u304b\u3057\u30013\u5143\u9023\u7acb\u5e38\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306eLorenz\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306a\u3069\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u306e\u4f4e\u3044\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u72b6\u614b\u7a7a\u9593\u3092\u4eba\u304c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304c\u3001\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306a\u5927\u6c17\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306f\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3080\u308a\u3084\u308a\u5358\u7d14\u5316\u3057\u305f\u72b6\u614b\u7a7a\u9593\u3057\u304b\u6271\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3011 \u4fdd\u5b58\u5247\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u72b6\u614b\u7a7a\u9593\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u73fe\u5b9f\u306b\u3068\u308a\u3046\u308b\u9818\u57df\u304c\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u5b9f\u7a7a\u9593\u306e\u8a71\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4fdd\u5b58\u91cf\u3092\u3082\u3064\u6d41\u4f53\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u6d41\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u3046\u307e\u304f\u5ea7\u6a19\u7cfb\u3092\u3068\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u3082\u3064\u9762\u7a4d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4f53\u7a4d\u304c\u4fdd\u305f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057(\u7121\u9650\u5c0f\u3067\u306a\u3044)\u8981\u7d20\u306e\u5f62\u306f\u7d30\u9577\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3057\u3081\u308b\u7a7a\u9593\u7bc4\u56f2\u306f\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002\u7b49\u6e29\u4f4d\u5ea7\u6a19\u7cfb\u3067\u306epotential vorticity\u306e\u4fdd\u5b58\u3068\u5909\u5f62\u306f\u3053\u306e\u8003\u3048\u304b\u305f\u3067\u898b\u901a\u3057\u304c\u3088\u304f\u306a\u308b\u4f8b\u3060\u3002\u3010\u7c98\u6027\u30fb\u71b1\u4f1d\u5c0e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6563\u9038\u304c\u7121\u8996\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u5b9a\u304c\u306f\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c8\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306e\u524d\u534a\u306f\u3001\u30ab\u30aa\u30b9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6570\u5024\u4e88\u5831\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3092\u514b\u670d\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30f3\u30b5\u30f3\u30d6\u30eb\u4e88\u5831\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u78ba\u7387\u7684\u4e88\u5831\u3092\u3081\u3056\u3059\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u308f\u3056\u3068\u5c11\u3057\u305a\u3064\u5909\u3048\u305f\u521d\u671f\u5024\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u767a\u3057\u305f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u7684\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u3044\u304f\u3064\u3082\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3001\u521d\u671f\u5024\u306e\u308f\u305a\u304b\u306a\u9055\u3044\u304c\u6642\u9593\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u62e1\u5927\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3067\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u307e\u305f\u3001Bjerknes\u304cdiagnosis\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u3001\u3088\u3044\u521d\u671f\u5024\u3092\u3069\u3046\u5f97\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ab2\u984c\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4eca\u3067\u306f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u540c\u5316\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3010\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u7d50\u679c\u304b\u3089\u539f\u56e0\u3092\u77e5\u308b inversion \u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u653e\u5c04\u4f1d\u9054\u306e\u5f0f\u304b\u3089\u6e29\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3069\u306finversion\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u9069\u5f53\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u529b\u5b66\u306e\u5f0f\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u540c\u5316\u624b\u6cd5\u3092 inversion \u3067\u4ee3\u8868\u3055\u305b\u308b\u306e\u306f\u96d1\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u307e\u305f\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e57\u6cd5\u3082\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u8aa4\u5dee\u4e8c\u4e57\u548c\u6700\u5c0f\u3068\u5c24\u5ea6\u6700\u5927\u3092\u540c\u3058\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u6b63\u898f\u5206\u5e03\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9650\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b?\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u305d\u306e\u307b\u304b\u3001\u3044\u307e\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u5217\u6319\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3010\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u5145\u5206\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u707d\u5bb3\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u6975\u7aef\u73fe\u8c61\u306e\u4e88\u6e2c\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3001\u6e96\u5730\u8861\u98a8\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3067\u306f\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u6271\u3044\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5927\u6c17\u91cd\u529b\u6ce2\u306a\u3069\u3092\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u308b\u4e88\u5831\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306f\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u898f\u6a21\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u9818\u57df\u9650\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Semi-Lagrangian\u7a4d\u5206\u6280\u8853\u3002(\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u3067Euler\u578b\u306e\u6642\u9593\u767a\u5c55\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001Lagrange\u578b\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3002)<\/li>\n<li>\u71b1\u5e2f\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3068\u4e88\u6e2c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6c17\u5019\u4e88\u6e2c\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5927\u6c17\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u3001\u96ea\u6c37\u3001\u751f\u7269\u570f\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3010Hadley Centre\u306e21\u4e16\u7d00\u6c17\u5019\u4e88\u6e2c\u306e\u5168\u7403\u5e73\u5747\u6c17\u6e29\u306e\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u672c\u6587\u306b\u306f\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u304c\u6c17\u5019\u306b\u3069\u3046\u5f71\u97ff\u3059\u308b\u304b\u306e\u8a71\u306f\u898b\u3042\u305f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u30db\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u8a71\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3082\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u8a71\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u304f\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u306e\u306f\u307e\u305a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u3011<\/li>\n<li>\u683c\u5b50\u3067\u306f\u8868\u73fe\u56f0\u96e3\u306a\u4e0d\u9023\u7d9a\u7684\u306a\u73fe\u8c61\u3092\u3069\u3046\u6271\u3046\u304b\u3002Parcel\u3092\u8ffd\u3046\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6c17\u8c61\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3060\u307e\u3060\u8b0e\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u306b\u306f\u6570\u5b66\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3070\u3067\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u3001\u3068\u8457\u8005\u306f\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\nContents<br \/>\nPreface<br \/>\n &#8211; Acknowledgments<br \/>\nPrelude: New Beginnings<br \/>\n1. The Fabric of a Vision<br \/>\n &#8211; A Phoenix Arises<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 1.1.] Circulation and the Sea Breeze<br \/>\n &#8211; Stormy Waters<br \/>\n &#8211; Solving the Unsolvable<br \/>\n &#8211; A Ghost in the Machine<br \/>\n2. From Lore to Laws<br \/>\n &#8211; Renaissance<br \/>\n &#8211; From Comets to Calculus and a Theory of the Trade Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; Parceling Up Fluids<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 2.1.] Euler&#8217;s Equations for Fluid Motion<br \/>\n &#8211; Matters of State: From Force to Energy<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 2.2.] A Closer Look at the Hydrostatic Equation<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 2.3.] Math Gets into the Picture: The Seven Equations in Seven Unknowns<br \/>\n &#8211; The Importance of Spin<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 2.4.] Coriolis, the Rotating Earth Term<br \/>\n3. Advances and Adversity<br \/>\n &#8211; The Father of Numerical Weather Prediction<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 3.1.] Calculus and the Anatomy of Derivatives<br \/>\n &#8211; The Anatomy of an Error<br \/>\n &#8211; The Cradle of Modern Meteorology<br \/>\n &#8211; From the Sea Breeze to the Polar Front<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 3.2.] The Backbone of Weather I: The Vorticity Equation<br \/>\n &#8211; A Top-Down View Paves the Way to Progress<br \/>\n4. When the Wind Blows the Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; Getting to the Heart of the Matter<br \/>\n &#8211; Exceeding the Force of Any Human Mind<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 4.1.] A Nonlinear Problem We <em>Can<\/em> Solve<br \/>\n &#8211; From Pendulums to Parcels<br \/>\n &#8211; Beyond a Million-Dollar Challenge<br \/>\nInterlude: A Gordian Knot<br \/>\n5. Constraining the Possibilities<br \/>\n &#8211; In Pursuit of Bjerknes&#8217;s Vision<br \/>\n &#8211; Conserving Order<br \/>\n &#8211; The Expediency Man<br \/>\n &#8211; Rossby&#8217;s Stately Waltz<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 5.1.] Rossby Waves in the Upper Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; The Invisible Choreographer<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 5.2.] Potential Temperature Measures Heat Energy<br \/>\n6. The Metamorphosis of Meteorology<br \/>\n &#8211; Brainstorming in Princeton<br \/>\n &#8211; Waves Are All Around Us<br \/>\n &#8211; Scales and Symphonies<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 6.1.] The Long Wave Problem: Eady&#8217;s Paradigm<br \/>\n &#8211; Second Time Around<br \/>\n &#8211; It&#8217;s Snowing in Washington!<br \/>\nColor Insets<br \/>\n7. Math Gets the Picture<br \/>\n &#8211; A Butterfly Emerges<br \/>\n &#8211; Behind the Portrait of a Butterfly<br \/>\n &#8211; Constraining the Possibilities in State Space<br \/>\n &#8211; Geometry and State Space<br \/>\n &#8211; The Global Picture<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 7.1.] The Backbone of Weather II: Potential Vorticity in Isentropic Coordinates<br \/>\n8. Predicting in the Presence of Chaos<br \/>\n &#8211; Prognosis and Probability<br \/>\n &#8211; Diagnosis and Data Assimilation<br \/>\n &#8211; [Tech Box 8.1.] Determining Causes from Effects<br \/>\n &#8211; Listening to the Overtones<br \/>\n &#8211; From Seconds to Centuries<br \/>\n &#8211; The Fabric of Our Vision<br \/>\nPostlude: Beyond the Butterfly<br \/>\nGlossary<br \/>\nBibliography<br \/>\n &#8211; Books: General<br \/>\n &#8211; Books: Technical<br \/>\n &#8211; Articles<br \/>\n &#8211; Classic Papers<br \/>\nIndex<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ian Roulstone &#038; John Norbury, 2013: Invisible in the Storm &#8212; The Role of Mathematics in Understandi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6103","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6103"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6959,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6103\/revisions\/6959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6103"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}