{"id":5371,"date":"2015-04-15T18:43:20","date_gmt":"2015-04-15T09:43:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5371"},"modified":"2017-04-09T16:14:15","modified_gmt":"2017-04-09T07:14:15","slug":"naomi-oreskes-john-krige-%e7%b7%a8-2014-science-and-technology-in-the-global-cold-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5371","title":{"rendered":"Naomi Oreskes &amp; John Krige \u7de8 (2014) Science and Technology in the Global Cold War"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Naomi <strong>Oreskes<\/strong> &#038; John <strong>Krige<\/strong> eds., 2014: <em>Science and Technology in the Global Cold War<\/em>. Cambridge MA USA: The MIT Press, 456 pp. ISBN 978-0-262-52653-1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u51b7\u6226\u304c\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u3084\u5236\u5ea6\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u304b\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Bacon Foundation\u306e\u652f\u63f4\u3092\u5f97\u30662010\u5e745\u67087-9\u65e5\u306bCaltech\u3067\u958b\u304b\u308c\u305f\u4f1a\u8b70\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u6587\u79d1\u7cfb\u306e\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f1a\u8b70\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u305f\u4f01\u753b\u3067\u306f\u907f\u3051\u304c\u305f\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u5404\u7ae0\u306f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u8457\u8005\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9055\u3063\u305f\u8ad6\u70b9\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7de8\u8005\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u307e\u3068\u3081\u304c\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3060\u3002\u7de8\u8005\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u306b\u3053\u3060\u308f\u3089\u305a\u306b\u898b\u305f\u307b\u3046\u304c\u304a\u3082\u3057\u308d\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u51b7\u6226\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u3001\u6838\u5175\u5668\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3057\u3001\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082Edwards (1996) <em>Closed World<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=3474\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8ad6\u8003\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u3092\u306f\u305a\u3057\u3001(Oreskes\u6c0f\u306e\u524d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b) \u5730\u7403\u30fb\u74b0\u5883\u79d1\u5b66\u3084\u3001(\u79d1\u5b66\u8ad6\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u81ea\u7701\u7684\u95a2\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u308b)\u79d1\u5b66\u8ad6\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8ad6\u8003\u304c\u96c6\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u591a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u30bd\u9023\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u897f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u306f\u6271\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044(\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306fKrige\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u7ae0\u3067\u3082\u6ce8\u610f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>Oreskes\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7b2c1\u7ae0<\/strong>\u3067\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u3001<strong>Krige\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d50\u8ad6\u306e\u7ae0<\/strong>\u3067\u3044\u3061\u304a\u3046\u306e\u7b54\u3048\u304c\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u4e0b\u3067\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u8ffd\u6c42\u3067\u304d\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001Forman\u306f1987\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u3082\u614b\u5ea6\u3082\u8cc7\u91d1\u6e90(\u8ecd\u3092\u542b\u3080\u653f\u5e9c\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4f01\u696d)\u304c\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5909\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002Kelves\u306f1990\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u3001\u8ecd\u3084\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u306b\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u81ea\u7531\u306b\u57fa\u790e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u3084\u3089\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3070\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u6df7\u5408\u3067\u3001\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u8ecd\u3084\u653f\u5e9c\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u306b\u305d\u3063\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u3059\u308b\u6a5f\u4f1a\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u306f\u51b7\u6226\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5236\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Oreskes\u306f\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u3067\u3001\u308f\u308c\u308f\u308c\u304c\u4eca\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u306f\u51b7\u6226\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f(created)\u3001\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3082\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3089\u9055\u3046\u59ff\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u7b2c2\u6b21\u5927\u6226\u304b\u3089\u4eca\u307e\u3067\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u5236\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u8981\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51b7\u6226\u304c\u6700\u5927\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u3082\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u305d\u308c\u306f\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u53f2\u7684\u306b\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u76f4\u89b3\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u3088\u308a\u3082\u300c\u77f3\u6cb9\u6587\u660e\u300d\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u52d5\u529b\u6e90\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5316\u5b66\u539f\u6599\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77f3\u6cb9\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u306f20\u4e16\u7d00\u524d\u534a\u306b\u3057\u3060\u3044\u306b\u77f3\u6cb9\u3078\u306e\u4f9d\u5b58\u3092\u5f37\u3081\u3001\u4eca\u3082\u306a\u304a\u77f3\u6cb9\u6587\u660e\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u51b7\u6226\u306f\u300c\u77f3\u6cb9\u6587\u660e\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u300d\u306b\u52a0\u308f\u308b\u526f\u6b21\u7684\u8981\u56e0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Angela N. H. <strong>Creager<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c2\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u30fb\u533b\u5b66\u3078\u306e\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u540c\u4f4d\u5143\u7d20\u306e\u5229\u7528\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6838\u5175\u5668\u3001\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u3068\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u540c\u4f4d\u5143\u7d20\u5229\u7528\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u7dda\u6cbb\u7642\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305f\u751f\u7269\u500b\u4f53\u306e\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7814\u7a76\u304a\u3088\u3073\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u8a3a\u65ad\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305f\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u7269\u8cea\u5faa\u74b0\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3092\u305f\u3069\u3063\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3001\u751f\u614b\u5b66\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3060\u3051\u629c\u304d\u66f8\u304d\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3002G. Evelyn Hutchinson (Yale\u5927\u5b66) \u306f1941\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u30ea\u30f332\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002University of Washington\u306b\u306f1943\u5e74\u306bApplied Fisheries Lab\u304c\u3067\u304dLauren Donaldson\u304c\u653e\u5c04\u7dda\u306e\u9b5a\u3078\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u305f\u3002Oak Ridge\u56fd\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3067\u306f1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u304b\u3089\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7269\u8cea\u306b\u3088\u308b\u74b0\u5883\u6c5a\u67d3\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u30011960\u5e74\u4ee3\u304b\u3089\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc(\u30bb\u30b7\u30a6\u30e0137\u306a\u3069)\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u5143\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0\u7814\u7a76\u3068Jerry Olson\u306e\u6570\u5024\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002Eugene Odum \u306f\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30b8\u30a2\u5ddeSavannah River (\u30d7\u30eb\u30c8\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u88fd\u9020\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30c8\u4e88\u5b9a\u5730\u3060\u3063\u305f)\u3067\u306e\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a(AEC)\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u30ea\u30f332\u306a\u3069\u3092\u8ffd\u8de1\u3057\u305f\u3002George Woodwell\u306fBrookhaven\u56fd\u7acb\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3067\u653e\u5c04\u7dda\u304c\u68ee\u6797\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u306b\u304a\u3088\u307c\u3059\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u305f\u3002\u306e\u3061\u306bDDT\u306e\u6c34\u570f\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u3067\u306e\u6fc3\u7e2e\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u60f3\u50cf\u306f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u751f\u614b\u5b66\u3067\u306e\u98df\u7269\u9023\u9396\u3092\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7269\u8cea\u5faa\u74b0\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u767a\u9054\u306b\u3001\u6838\u5175\u5668\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305fAEC\u304c\u4e3b\u5c0e\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001Woodwell\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u9650\u3089\u305a\u3001\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u3067\u306e\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u624b\u672c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u6c5a\u67d3\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3082\u3057\u6f54\u7656\u306b\u6838\u5175\u5668\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u7523\u7269\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u4fdd\u5168\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u3067\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\u304c\u300c\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u3082\u3057\u3082\u300d\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u5f53\u7136\u306a\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u3068\u308a\u306a\u304c\u3089\u305f\u307e\u305f\u307e\u51b7\u6226\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u51b7\u6226\u306e\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3051\u3092\u6df1\u304f\u8aad\u307f\u3053\u307f\u3059\u304e\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5fc3\u914d\u3082\u611f\u3058\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u306f\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u7a7a\u60f3\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u3082\u3057\u3001\u6838\u5175\u5668\u3092\u4f5c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u5408\u610f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u4e16\u754c\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3069\u3046\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u3069\u3093\u306a\u4eba\u5de5\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u304c\u4f7f\u3048\u308b\u304b\u306f\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002Hanford\u3084Savannah 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\/>\n\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u3082\u3057\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u80fd\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u3092\u542b\u3080\u591a\u304f\u306e\u56fd\u6c11\u304b\u3089\u5fcc\u307f\u5acc\u308f\u308c\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3089\u3001\u4e8b\u60c5\u306f\u9055\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd(\u3084\u307b\u304b\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u56fd\u3005)\u304c\u305d\u3046\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6838\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6587\u5316\u7684\u30fb\u502b\u7406\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u304c\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306b\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u3042\u305f\u3048\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u4ee3\u8868\u3055\u305b\u308b\u30ad\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u51b7\u6226\u300d\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u9069\u5207\u3060\u3068\u306f\u601d\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3046\u3061\u306b\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3001\u6838\u5175\u5668\u3084\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7269\u8cea\u306e\u5229\u7528\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u601d\u60f3\u304c\u539f\u7406\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u751f\u614b\u5b66\u3068\u3042\u3044\u3044\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u4fdd\u8b77\u904b\u52d5\u304c\u5206\u88c2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3042\u308a\u3046\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u3048\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u3042\u3063\u3066\u307b\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Sigrid <strong>Schmalzer<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c3\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u30011960-70\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u300c\u81ea\u529b\u66f4\u751f\u300d\u300c\u571f\u6cd5\u300d\u300c\u306f\u3060\u3057\u306e\u533b\u8005\u300d\u300c\u8fb2\u696d\u306f\u5927\u5be8(Dazhai)\u306b\u5b66\u3079\u300d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u304c\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3068\u30bd\u9023\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3068\u30a4\u30c7\u30aa\u30ed\u30ae\u30fc\u7684\u306b\u5bfe\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u3067\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300c\u81ea\u529b\u66f4\u751f\u300d\u306f\u300c\u4e2d\u56fd\u304c\u5916\u56fd\u306b\u983c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3068\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3001\u5404\u5730\u306e\u8fb2\u6c11\u304c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u592e\u306b\u983c\u3089\u305a\u306b\u884c\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3055\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u30de\u30eb\u30af\u30b9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u304c\u57fa\u672c\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u79d1\u5b66\u89b3\u304c\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u8fb2\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u307e\u305a\u73fe\u5834\u3067\u9069\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u3048\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u300d\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u3092\u542b\u3080\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3078\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u306a\u3069\u306e\u307e\u305a\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3082\u77e5\u308c\u308f\u305f\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u578b\u958b\u767a\u3092\u907f\u3051\u305f\u3044\u56fd\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u306f\u6a21\u7bc4\u3068\u306f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u306e\u3061\u306e\u4e2d\u56fd\u306f(\u6c5a\u67d3\u3092\u542b\u3081\u3066)\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570f\u306e\u6025\u6fc0\u306b\u5de5\u696d\u5316\u3059\u308b\u56fd\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306a\u9053\u3092\u305f\u3069\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Matthew <strong>Shindell 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for Nuclear Studies\u3068\u3044\u3046\u65bd\u8a2d\u3092\u3064\u304f\u3063\u3066\u6838\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u7d9a\u3051\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306bHarold Urey, Harrison Brown, Willard Libby\u304c\u3044\u3066\u3001\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u306b\u3068\u308a\u304f\u3093\u3060\u3002\u306e\u3061\u306b\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u6c37\u306b\u30ac\u30bd\u30ea\u30f3\u6dfb\u52a0\u7269\u8d77\u6e90\u306e\u925b\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u3057\u305fClair Patterson\u3082\u3001\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u3057\u304f\u307f\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3057\u305fRowland\u3082\u3001\u30b7\u30ab\u30b4\u3067\u535a\u58eb\u3092\u3068\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Urey\u306fINS\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u79d1\u3068\u5354\u529b\u3057\u3066\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3093\u3060\u3002 \u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5316\u77f3\u306e\u6bbb\u306e\u70ad\u9178\u5869\u306e\u9178\u7d20\u306e\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u6bd4\u7387\u304b\u3089\u53e4\u6c34\u6e29\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8cc7\u91d1\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306fAmerican Petroleum Institute\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u77f3\u6cb9\u7523\u696d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u5730\u8cea\u8abf\u67fb\u6240\u304b\u3089\u6765\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u305f\u308a\u305a\u30011949\u5e74\u306b\u306fOffice of Naval Research\u30011953-54\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u306fAEC\u3068NSF\u304b\u3089\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u3082\u3089\u3063\u305f\u3002\u76f4\u63a5\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306f\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001AEC\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u5206\u96e2\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u63d0\u4f9b\u306f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7acb\u5834\u306b\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u306e\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u6bd4\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u3001AEC\u304c\u4e88\u7b97\u3092\u3064\u3051\u305d\u3046\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u63d0\u6848\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Caltech\u306b\u306f1925\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u79d1\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306f\u5ca9\u77f3\u5b66\u3001\u53e4\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u3060\u3063\u305f(\u5730\u9707\u5b66\u3082\u3042\u308a\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3082\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u30021947\u5e74\u306b(Vannevar Bush\u306e\u76df\u53cb\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f)  Lee DuBridge\u5b66\u9577\u304c\u7740\u4efb\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u79d1\u306f\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u8907\u6570\u306e\u7701\u5e81\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u304c\u898b\u3053\u3081\u308b\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u306b\u91cd\u70b9\u3092\u79fb\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u3001Harrison Brown\u3092\u30b7\u30ab\u30b4\u304b\u3089\u62db\u3044\u305f\u3002\u5316\u77f3\u6a19\u672c\u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u58f2\u3089\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3082\u5b9f\u9a13\u5ba4\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u6e90\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3084\u3084\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u4f8b\u3060\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u79d1\u304c\u91ce\u5916\u304b\u3089\u5b9f\u9a13\u5ba4\u306b\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306e\u91cd\u70b9\u3092\u79fb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Brown\u306f\u3001U-Pb\u3068K-Ar\u306814C\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5e74\u4ee3\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3092\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306bAEC\u306b\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u753b\u306f\u3001&#8221;critical&#8221; 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D. Keeling\u304c\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306e\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u306e\u3082Brown\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306epost-doc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002Weart \u300e<em>\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u767a\u898b<\/em>\u300f\u53c2\u7167\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>Patterson\u306f\u6226\u6642\u306bOak Ridge\u3067\u50cd\u304d\u8cea\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u3092\u7d4c\u9a13\u3057\u3001\u30b7\u30ab\u30b4\u3067Brown\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u30b8\u30eb\u30b3\u30f3\u7d50\u6676\u306ePb\u3092\u5b9a\u91cf\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u535a\u58eb\u3092\u3068\u3063\u305f\u3002Caltech\u306b\u79fb\u3063\u30661953\u5e74\u306b\u9695\u77f3\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3057\u300c45.5\u5104\u5e74\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e74\u4ee3\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u306e\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001Urey, Harrison, Patterson\u306a\u3069\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u79d1\u5b66\u3082\u3001\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305fAEC\u3084\u8ecd\u304b\u3089\u898b\u3066\u3001national security\u4e0a\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306f\u305a\u3060\u3001\u3068\u898b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u601d\u3046\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3082\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3084\u3084\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u3067\u3001\u8cea\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u6280\u8853\u3068\u304b\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u5730\u4e0b\u8cc7\u6e90\u306e\u57cb\u8535\u91cf\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u306a\u3069\u306e\u3001\u8ecd\u6c11\u4e21\u7528\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u91cd\u5b9d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>Oreskes<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c5\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u5f8c\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6d77\u6d0b\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u95a2\u9023\u3067\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6d77\u6c34\u4e2d\u306e\u97f3\u6ce2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30ec\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u578b\u6280\u8853\u3092\u8ee2\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u306e\u5e83\u57df\u3092\u4ee3\u8868\u3059\u308b\u6e29\u5ea6\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u5b9f\u614b\u89e3\u660e\u306b\u8ca2\u732e\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3001Acoustic Tomography of Ocean Climate (ATOC)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u753b\u3092\u305f\u3066\u305f\u3002\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8005\u3084\u74b0\u5883\u4fdd\u8b77\u904b\u52d5\u304b\u3089\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3067\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306b\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u97f3\u6ce2\u304c\u30af\u30b8\u30e9\u3092\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3068\u3059\u308b\u6d77\u6d0b\u52d5\u7269\u306b\u6709\u5bb3\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u6458\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u516c\u8074\u4f1a\u306a\u3069\u3092\u7d4c\u3066\u8a08\u753b\u304c\u4fee\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5b9f\u9a13\u306f1995\u5e74\u306b\u751f\u7269\u30e2\u30cb\u30bf\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u308b\u5f62\u3067\u59cb\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\u304c\u30012000\u5e74\u306b\u4e8b\u6545\u3067\u4e2d\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u30012002\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u5225\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3067\u30af\u30b8\u30e9\u304c\u6b7b\u3093\u3060\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051\u306b\u4e2d\u6b62\u304c\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u51b7\u6226\u7d42\u7d50\u5f8c\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u306e\u89e3\u660e\u3068\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u306e\u4fdd\u5168\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u52d5\u6a5f\u3069\u3046\u3057\u306e\u885d\u7a81\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u51b7\u6226\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306f\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u304c\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001ATOC\u81ea\u4f53\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082DARPA\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u3068\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u60c5\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u53cd\u5bfe\u8ad6\u8005\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u306f\u96a0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u7591\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u73fe\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8457\u8005\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001ATOC\u3092\u8a08\u753b\u3057\u305f\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u8996\u91ce\u306b\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u7269\u7406\u306f\u306f\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u306e\u751f\u7269\u306e\u751f\u614b\u304c\u3058\u3085\u3046\u3076\u3093\u306f\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u6642\u306e\u8ecd\u3092\u3075\u304f\u3080\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u3065\u3051\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306b\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u307e\u305f\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u3060\u308c\u306b\u5411\u3051\u3066\u66f8\u304f\u304b\u306e\u5909\u9077\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c2\u6b21\u5927\u6226\u524d\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u5411\u3051\u306e\u672c\u3092\u3088\u304f\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u8cc7\u91d1\u6e90\u3060\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3001\u516c\u7684\u8077\u696d\u306e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3068\u8003\u3048\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7b2c2\u6b21\u5927\u6226\u5f8c\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u8ecd\u3092\u542b\u3080\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u6210\u679c\u3092\u79d8\u5bc6\u306b\u3059\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u3064\u3044\u305f\u3002\u79d8\u5bc6\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3082\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30dd\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5831\u544a\u3068\u3001\u540c\u3058\u5c02\u9580\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u5411\u3051\u305f\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u51fa\u7248\u306b\u306f\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5c02\u9580\u5916\u306e\u4eba\u306b\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u5e83\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306f\u7cbe\u529b\u3092\u3055\u304b\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u51b7\u6226\u304c\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u3075\u305f\u305f\u3073\u5e02\u6c11\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3044\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u610f\u7fa9\u3084\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u6d77\u6d0b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u3082\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6d77\u6d0b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u3068\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u7269\u7406\u306e\u7d14\u7c8b\u79d1\u5b66\u3084\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3057\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u79d1\u5b66\u3078\u306e\u5fdc\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306b\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u6d77\u6d0b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u3068\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8005\u3068\u304c\u8fd1\u3044\u3042\u3044\u3060\u304c\u3089\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u304b\u3089\u3053\u306e\u4ef6\u306f\u3069\u3046\u898b\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u77e5\u308a\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Asif <strong>Siddiqi<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c6\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u30bd\u9023\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001<strong>Krige<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c7\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u897f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3068\u304f\u306b\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u304c\u30ed\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u6280\u8853\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u63a8\u9032\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002(\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u307e\u3060\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>Erik M. <strong>Conway<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c8\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001NASA\u304c1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u63a8\u9032\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u3082\u3082\u3064\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u5bb9\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3002Conway (2008)\u306e\u672c\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u306a\u304a\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002NASA\u306e\u767a\u8db3\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u51b7\u6226\u306e\u7523\u7269\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u3068\u306a\u308b\u5909\u5316\u306f\u3001(\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\u51b7\u6226\u72b6\u6cc1\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c) \u51b7\u6226\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306f\u3001NASA\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u3044\u3061\u3070\u3093\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u3057\u304b\u3057\u4f50\u85e4\u9756 (2014)\u300e<em>NASA<\/em>\u300f<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=4074\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u3067\u306f\u7c21\u5358\u306b\u3057\u304b\u3075\u308c\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f)\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\nNASA\u306f\u3001<em>Earth System Science<\/em>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u30021986\u5e74\u306b\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u8584\u3044<em>Overview<\/em>\u306e\u5dfb\u30011988\u5e74\u306b\u539a\u3044<em>A Closer View<\/em>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5dfb\u304c\u51fa\u305f\u3002\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3082\u9752\u3044\u8868\u7d19\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u305c\u3044\u305f\u304f\u306b\u30ab\u30e9\u30fc\u306e\u56f3\u89e3\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u3082\u3063\u305f\u89b3\u6e2c\u885b\u661f\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305fNASA\u3089\u3057\u3044\u8a71\u3082\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308d\u3001NASA\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5b66\u554f\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u91cd\u70b9\u3092\u5c55\u671b\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5730\u7403\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u3001\u5730\u7403\u5185\u90e8\u3068\u3001\u6d41\u4f53\u30fb\u751f\u7269\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u6d41\u4f53\u30fb\u751f\u7269\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306e\u56f3\u306f\u59d4\u54e1\u9577\u306e\u540d\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066Bretherton diagram\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a \u3001\u7c21\u7565\u306a\u30d0\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u3067\u3082\u5f15\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3082<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/edu\/clim_sys\/intro\/fluidsys_nasa.html\">[\u6559\u6750\u30da\u30fc\u30b8]<\/a>\u3067\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0(U.S. Committee for GARP, 1975 <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5030\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u306e\u56f3\u304c\u6709\u540d)\u3068\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u5225\u3005\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3092\u7d71\u5408\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u82e6\u5fc3\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<br \/>\n\u307e\u305f\u3001NASA\u304c1978\u5e74\u306b\u3042\u3052\u305f\u89b3\u6e2c\u885b\u661fNimbus 7\u306b\u306f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u6a5f\u5668\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061ERB\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f1986\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u4f7f\u3044\u3001SMMR\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3082\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u7a4d\u96ea\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306aNASA\u306e\u7523\u7269\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001NASA\u306e\u5185\u5074\u3067\u3069\u3093\u306a\u5909\u5316\u304c\u3069\u3093\u306a\u52d5\u6a5f\u3067\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306f\u5f53\u6642\u77e5\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7ae0\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3084\u3063\u3068\u308f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>NASA\u8a2d\u7f6e\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u6cd5\u5f8b(1958\u5e74\u306e\u5b87\u5b99\u6cd5)\u3067NASA\u306e\u696d\u52d9\u306b\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u306f\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30ea\u30e2\u30fc\u30c8\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001NASA\u306eOffice of Space Science and Applications\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0(Applications program)\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3053\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u8da3\u65e8\u306f\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u4ed6\u7701\u5e81\u307e\u305f\u306f\u6c11\u9593\u4f01\u696d\u3067\u5f79\u306b\u7acb\u3064\u6280\u8853\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30021960&#8211;70\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306f2\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u30ea\u30e2\u30fc\u30c8\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n(1) Nimbus\u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u7684\u6c17\u8c61\u885b\u661f\u3002NOAA (60\u5e74\u4ee3\u306f\u305d\u306e\u524d\u8eab\u306eEnvironmental Science Services Administration)\u3068\u306e\u5171\u540c\u4e8b\u696d\u3067\u3001\u7d2b\u5916\u7dda\u3001\u8d64\u5916\u7dda\u3001\u30de\u30a4\u30af\u30ed\u6ce2\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u3092\u306e\u305b\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba\u306f7\u53f7\u3067\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n(2) Landsat (\u9678\u57df\u8cc7\u6e90\u63a2\u67fb\u885b\u661f)\u3002\u5185\u52d9\u7701\u306e\u4e0b\u306e\u5730\u8cea\u8abf\u67fb\u6240(USGS)\u3068\u306e\u5171\u540c\u4e8b\u696d\u3002\u5730\u4e0a\u306e\u7a7a\u9593\u5206\u89e3\u80fd\u304c(\u5f53\u6642\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f)\u7d30\u304b\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5f53\u521d\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u3068\u306e\u8abf\u6574\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u63a1\u7b97\u3092\u3081\u3056\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3046\u307e\u304f\u3044\u304b\u305a\u30011980\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u6c11\u55b6\u5316\u3068\u518d\u516c\u55b6\u5316\u3092\u884c\u304d\u6765\u3057\u305f\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u3082NASA\u3067\u7d99\u7d9a\u306e\u885b\u661f\u3092\u904b\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3010\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u914d\u5e03\u306fUSGS\u304c\u62c5\u5f53\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u304c1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u306a\u304b\u3070\u306b\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u306b\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u8b70\u4f1a\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3001NASA\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u610f\u7fa9\u304c\u554f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30bd\u9023\u306b\u5bfe\u6297\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u5927\u304d\u306a\u4e8b\u696d\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6708\u30fb\u60d1\u661f\u306e\u690d\u6c11\u3092\u3081\u3056\u3059(\u3053\u3068\u3092\u306b\u3089\u3093\u3060)\u4e8b\u696d\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u4e88\u7b97\u898f\u6a21\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u57fa\u790e\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u306f\u305d\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b(\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306a)\u7b54\u3048\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>NASA\u306f\u9023\u90a6\u306e\u5b98\u5e81\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u8b70\u4f1a\u306e\u305d\u306e\u8ca1\u6e90\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u304c\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u30021960\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u6226\u4e89\u306e\u8cbb\u7528\u304c\u304b\u3055\u3080\u306e\u3067\u3001NASA\u306e\u6709\u4eba\u5b87\u5b99\u98db\u884c\u306e\u8ca1\u6e90\u3082\u304d\u3073\u3057\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30dd\u30ed\u8a08\u753b\u306f\u3064\u3076\u308c\u306f\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u98db\u884c\u306f\u3068\u308a\u3084\u3081\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002(\u305d\u306e\u5b87\u5b99\u8239\u306e\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306fSkyLab\u306b\u3001\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306f\u30a2\u30dd\u30ed\u30fb\u30bd\u30e6\u30fc\u30ba\u9023\u7d50\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u98db\u884c\u6280\u8853\u958b\u767a\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u30b9\u30da\u30fc\u30b9\u30b7\u30e3\u30c8\u30eb\u306b\u3057\u307c\u308a\u3053\u307e\u308c\u3001\u60d1\u661f\u63a2\u67fb\u6a5f\u306e\u6253\u3061\u4e0a\u3052\u304c\u56f0\u96e3\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001(\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f\u6708\u30fb\u60d1\u661f\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u671f\u5f85\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a)\u60d1\u661f\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u4e8b\u696d\u304c\u7e2e\u5c0f\u3055\u308c\u305f(\u8cc7\u91d1\u984d\u304c1973\u5e74\u304b\u308978\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u6e1b\u5c11\u30011985\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u505c\u6ede)\u3002\u60d1\u661f\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u62c5\u5f53\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305fJet Propulsion Laboratory\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u4e8b\u696d(\u4ed6\u7701\u5e81\u8cc7\u91d1)\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u5411\u3051\u306b\u6d77\u6d0b\u89b3\u6e2c\u885b\u661f(Seasat)\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308b\u306a\u3069\u5730\u7403\u89b3\u6e2c\u306b\u624b\u3092\u3072\u308d\u3052\u305f\u308a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5730\u7403\u89b3\u6e2c\u885b\u661f\u306a\u3089\u3070\u6253\u3061\u4e0a\u3052\u306b\u30b9\u30da\u30fc\u30b9\u30b7\u30e3\u30c8\u30eb\u304c\u5229\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u610f\u7fa9\u3082\u793a\u305b\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3067\u610f\u7fa9\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1974\u5e74\u306b\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u304c\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002NASA\u5185\u3067\u3053\u308c\u3092\u62c5\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304fscience directorate\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002Nimbus 7\u306b\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u3092\u306e\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u6c17\u7403\u3084\u98db\u884c\u6a5f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u5b9f\u9a13\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u3057\u305f\u30021977\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u306b\u9650\u3089\u305a\u305d\u308c\u3088\u308a\u3082\u9ad8\u5c64\u306e\u5927\u6c17\u306e\u6210\u5206\u3084\u6e29\u5ea6\u306a\u3069\u3092\u89b3\u6e2c\u3059\u308bSolar Mesosphere Explorer\u3068Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u885b\u661f\u3082\u958b\u767a\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u7814\u7a76\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u307e\u3067NASA\u306e\u60d1\u661f\u63a2\u67fb\u4e8b\u696d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u305f\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u3082\u6765\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306e\u9593\u3067\u3001\u885b\u661f\u30ea\u30e2\u30fc\u30c8\u30bb\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u5024\u6253\u3061\u306b\u306f\u7591\u554f\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u653e\u5c04\u7dda\u3082\u3042\u308b\u5b87\u5b99\u7a7a\u9593\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u3067\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u52a3\u5316\u306f\u907f\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305a\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u54c1\u8cea\u7ba1\u7406\u304c\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u3044\u3002\u5730\u4e0a\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u3064\u304d\u3042\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u691c\u8a3c\u30fb\u8f03\u6b63\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3002\u3053\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3001\u4e8b\u696d\u306b\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u3082\u3064\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u3092\u3075\u3084\u3059\u76ee\u7684\u3092\u517c\u306d\u3066\u3001NASA\u306f\u5730\u4e0a(\u822a\u7a7a\u6a5f\u3092\u542b\u3080)\u306e\u91ce\u5916\u5b9f\u9a13\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u4f01\u753b\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u30de\u30cd\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u305f\u3061(\u521d\u4ee3 Ron Greenwood, 2\u4ee3\u3081 Shelby Tilford)\u306f\u3001\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306e\u9032\u3081\u304b\u305f\u3092\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u6d41\u5100\u304b\u3089\u30a2\u30ab\u30c7\u30df\u30c3\u30af\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u6a19\u6e96\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5909\u3048\u305f\u3002\u6a5f\u5668\u63d0\u6848\u3078\u306e\u30d4\u30a2\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u3001NASA\u5916\u304b\u3089\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u306e\u53d7\u3051\u3064\u3051\u3001\u6210\u679c\u767a\u8868\u306e\u5834\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30c6\u30af\u30cb\u30ab\u30eb\u30ec\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5b66\u8853\u96d1\u8a8c\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3001\u306a\u3069\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u300c\u4ed6\u7701\u5e81\u3067\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u6280\u8853\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8da3\u65e8\u304c\u3046\u3059\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002Landsat\u306b\u306f\u6c11\u55b6\u5316\u8ad6(\u65e2\u8ff0)\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002Nimbus 7\u306e\u3055\u304d\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u885b\u661f\u6539\u826f\u306e\u5171\u540c\u4e8b\u696d\u306fNOAA\u304c\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u3060\u3063\u305f(1982\u5e74\u306b\u6253\u3061\u5207\u3089\u308c\u305f)\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u89b3\u6e2c\u885b\u661f\u306e\u69cb\u60f3\u306b\u6d77\u8ecd\u304c\u4e57\u3063\u3066\u3053\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u4ed6\u65b9\u3001\u8b70\u4f1a\u306fNASA\u306b\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5730\u7403\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4ed5\u4e8b\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u305f\u30021978\u5e74\u306b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c17\u5019\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u6cd5\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u300c\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u306a\u3044\u6c17\u5019\u6539\u5909\u300d\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u63a8\u9032\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002NASA\u306f\u3053\u308c\u306bscience directorate\u3067\u5fdc\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3067\u306fOMB(\u4f1a\u8a08\u691c\u67fb\u9662)\u306e\u652f\u6301\u3092\u5f97\u306b\u304f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n1981\u5e74\u3001Reagan\u653f\u6a29\u306e\u6c11\u55b6\u5316\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3067\u3001\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306f\u56fd\u306e\u4e8b\u696d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u306b\u304f\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002NASA\u5185\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u5909\u66f4\u3067\u3001\u5fdc\u7528\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306fOffice of Space Science and Applications\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306eEarth Science and Applications Division\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1982\u5e74\u3001NASA\u306fGlobal Habitability\u69cb\u60f3\u3092\u6253\u3061\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f(\u5f53\u6642\u69cb\u60f3\u4e2d\u3067 Freedom \u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f)\u5b87\u5b99\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u30fb\u9678\u30fb\u6d77\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u7269\u7406\u30fb\u5316\u5b66\u30fb\u751f\u7269\u306e\u9577\u671f\u7684\u5909\u5316\u3092\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u3068\u4eba\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5916\u56fd\u306e\u4e86\u89e3\u3092\u5f97\u306b\u304f\u3044\u69cb\u60f3\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5b9f\u73fe\u306b\u5411\u304b\u308f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u540c\u3058\u304f1982\u5e74\u3001NASA\u306eearth science program (Tilford)\u304cadvisory panel (\u5ea7\u9577 Francis Bretherton)\u3092\u7d44\u7e54\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u304c1986\u30fb88\u5e74\u306b\u81f3\u3063\u3066<em>Earth System Science<\/em>\u306e\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n1984\u5e74\u306b\u5b87\u5b99\u6cd5\u304c\u6539\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3001NASA\u306e\u4efb\u52d9\u306b\u300c\u5730\u7403\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u3072\u308d\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u300d\u304c\u66f8\u304d\u3053\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n1986\u5e74\u3001\u30b9\u30da\u30fc\u30b9\u30b7\u30e3\u30c8\u30ebChallenger\u306e\u4e8b\u6545\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066NASA\u306e\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u898b\u306a\u304a\u3057\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30021987\u5e74\u3001NASA\u306e\u65b0\u30df\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a(\u59d4\u54e1\u9577 Sally Ride\u98db\u884c\u58eb)\u304c\u3001\u300cMission to Planet Earth\u300d(MtPE)\u3092\u63d0\u6848\u3057\u305f\u3002MtPE\u306b\u306f1990\u5e74\u5ea6\u304b\u3089\u5927\u304d\u306a\u4e88\u7b97\u304c\u3064\u3044\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n1989\u5e74\u306e\u30ef\u30eb\u30b7\u30e3\u30ef\u6761\u7d04\u6a5f\u69cb\u89e3\u4f53\u30011991\u5e74\u306e\u30bd\u9023\u89e3\u4f53\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u3092\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3057\u305f\u5de8\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u3078\u306e\u51fa\u8cbb\u304c\u524a\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5b87\u5b99\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u56fd\u969b\u4e8b\u696d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u3092\u307e\u304d\u3053\u3093\u3060\u5f62\u306b\u5909\u66f4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002MtPE\u306e\u4e88\u7b97\u898f\u6a21\u306f1990\u5e74\u304b\u30891995\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u7e2e\u5c0f\u3055\u308c\u3064\u3065\u3051(\u3053\u308c\u306b\u306f\u74b0\u5883\u554f\u984c\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u8ab2\u984c\u5316\u304c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u53f3\u6d3e\u306b\u5acc\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8981\u56e0\u3082\u3042\u308b)\u3001\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306f\u5b89\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3082\u5916\u56fd\u3092\u307e\u304d\u3053\u3093\u3060\u5f62\u306b\u5909\u66f4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3010\u65e5\u672c\u3068\u306e\u5171\u540c\u4e8b\u696dTropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (\u5bfa\u9580 (2015) <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5082\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u53c2\u7167)\u306e\u4f01\u753b\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u306fMtPE\u3088\u308a\u3082\u65e9\u3044\u304c\u3001MtPE\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u5316\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u306e\u3072\u3068\u3064\u3068\u3082\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3011\u3002<br \/>\n\u7d44\u7e54\u4e0a\u306f\u30011993\u5e74\u306bMtPE\u306edirectorate (Office\u3068\u540c\u683c)\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001application\u304c\u7d44\u7e54\u56f3\u304b\u3089\u6d88\u3048\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f1999\u5e74\u306bEarth Science Enterprise\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3010\u73fe\u5728\u306fScience Directorate\u306e\u4e0b\u306eEarth Science Division\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u306a\u304a\u30011990\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u60d1\u661f\u63a2\u67fb\u3082\u3057\u3060\u3044\u306b\u5fa9\u6d3b\u3057\u3001Mars Observer (\u706b\u661f)\u3001Magellan (\u91d1\u661f)\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a08\u753b\u304c\u63a1\u629e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001Goldin\u9577\u5b98\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067 &#8220;faster, better, cheaper&#8221; \u3067\u3084\u3089\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002(1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u306b\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u306f\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002)\u3000Mariner\u3084Viking\u306a\u3069\u306e\u53e4\u3044\u89b3\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u51e6\u7406\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u60d1\u661f\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u5883\u76ee\u306f\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u7d42\u4e86\u5f8c\u306eNASA\u306f\u4e21\u65b9\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u8ca2\u732e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Erik M. <strong>Conway<\/strong>, 2008: <em>Atmospheric Science at NASA: A History<\/em>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.  [\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u307e\u3060\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044]\n<li>Earth System Science Committee, NASA Advisory Council, 1986: <em>Earth System Science, Overview<\/em>. Washington DC USA: NASA.\n<li>Earth System Science Committee, NASA Advisory Council, 1988: <em>Earth System Science, A Closer View<\/em>. Washington DC USA: NASA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Benjamin <strong>Wilson<\/strong>\u3068David <strong>Kaiser<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c9\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u6226\u7565\u30df\u30b5\u30a4\u30eb\u3078\u306e\u9632\u885b\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ec\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u306e\u6280\u8853\u304c\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u76f8\u5bfe\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d14\u7c8b\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u8a71\u3002Sonja D. <strong>Schmid<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c10\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u30bd\u9023\u306e\u6838\u7269\u7406\u3068\u539f\u5b50\u7089\u5de5\u5b66\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002Zouyue <strong>Wang<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c11\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u51b7\u6226\u671f\u306e\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u30fb\u30bd\u9023\u3092\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5916\u56fd\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u5909\u9077\u3002(\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u307e\u3060\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u79d1\u5b66\u8ad6\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3067\u3001George <strong>Reisch<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c12\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306fKuhn (1962) \u300e<em>\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u306e\u69cb\u9020<\/em>\u300f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002<br \/>\nKuhn\u304c\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001Harvard\u5b66\u9577(\u5316\u5b66\u8005) Conant\u306b\u96c7\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u822c\u6559\u80b2\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u3092\u62c5\u5f53\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002Conant\u306f\u7b2c2\u6b21\u5927\u6226\u4e2d\u306b\u8ecd\u306b\u5354\u529b\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6226\u5f8c\u3082\u51b7\u6226\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<br \/>\nSteve Fuller \u306f\u3001Kuhn\u306fConant\u306b\u5fe0\u5b9f\u306b\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u3092\u653f\u6cbb\u3078\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u304b\u3089\u5f15\u304d\u96e2\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306a\u79d1\u5b66\u8ad6\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u305f\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002(\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306fFuller (2000)\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u672c\u7ae0\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5c71\u5d0e(2014)\u304b\u3089\u63a8\u6e2c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3002)<br \/>\n\u3057\u304b\u3057Reisch\u306f\u3001Conant\u3068Kuhn\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002Conant\u304cKuhn\u306e\u672c\u306e\u539f\u7a3f\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u4e0d\u6e80\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u8a18\u9332\u304c\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002Conant\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002Kuhn\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306b\u3068\u3089\u308f\u308c\u304c\u3061\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u3046\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u5fc5\u7136\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u4eee\u306b\u300c\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u300d\u3068\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001Kuhn\u306f1961\u5e74\u306e\u8b1b\u6f14(\u51fa\u72481963\u5e74\u3001\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u306b\u306f\u53ce\u9332\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f)\u3067\u306f\u300cdogma\u300d\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u300cideology\u300d\u30011962\u5e74\u306e\u672c\u3067\u300cparadigm\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u5909\u3048\u305f\u3002Dogma\u3084ideology\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u304c\u601d\u60f3\u3084\u653f\u6cbb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7d71\u5236\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001Kuhn\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u5370\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001Conant\u306eKuhn\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4e0d\u6e80\u306f\u3001Popper\u306eKuhn\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6279\u5224\u3068\u4f3c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u3046\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u672c\u7ae0\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070Conant\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u306f\u771f\u7406(truth)\u306b\u63a5\u8fd1\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306fKuhn\u306b\u8cdb\u540c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u70b9\u3067\u306fPopper\u3068\u306f\u9055\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<br \/>\n\u307e\u305f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u306b\u3068\u3089\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u306e\u304b\u898f\u7bc4\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u73fe\u5834\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u4fa1\u5024\u5224\u65ad\u306e\u898f\u7bc4\u306a\u306e\u304b\u304c\u3001\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u3068\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u306e\u9593\u3067\u304f\u3044\u3061\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Steve <strong>Fuller<\/strong>, 2000: <em>Thomas Kuhn: A History of Our Times<\/em>. University of Chicago Press.<\/li>\n<li>[\u540c\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248]  \u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30f4 <strong>\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc<\/strong> \u8457, \u4e2d\u5cf6 \u79c0\u4eba \u76e3\u8a33, \u68b6 \u96c5\u7bc4, \u4e09\u5b85 \u82de \u8a33 (2010): <em>\u6211\u3089\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2 &#8212; \u30c8\u30fc\u30de\u30b9\u30fb\u30af\u30fc\u30f3 \/ \u51b7\u6226\u4fdd\u5b88\u601d\u60f3\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0<\/em>\u3002\u6d77\u9cf4\u793e\u3002[\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u307e\u3060\u3069\u3061\u3089\u306e\u7248\u3082\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002]<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5c71\u5d0e<\/strong> \u6b63\u52dd, 2014: \u51b7\u6226\u3068\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u3002<em>\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76<\/em>, <strong>53<\/strong>: 305 &#8211; 310.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Elena <strong>Aronova<\/strong>\u306b\u3088\u308b<strong>\u7b2c13\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3068\u30bd\u9023\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u3002<br \/>\n\u5de8\u5927\u79d1\u5b66(big science)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30ad\u30fc\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u306f\u30011961\u5e74\u306eAlvin Weinberg (large-scale science\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c)\u3068Derek de Solla Price\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u3002\u56fd\u304c\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u6295\u5165\u3057\u3066\u63a8\u9032\u3059\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u3055\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5de8\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u6700\u8fd1\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3082\u73fe\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u30011962\u5e74\u306b<em>Minerva<\/em>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u96d1\u8a8c\u304c\u5275\u520a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u653f\u6cbb\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002Weinberg\u304c\u3001\u5de8\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u524d\u63d0\u3067\u3001\u8cc7\u91d1\u306e\u5206\u914d\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6c7a\u3081\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ab2\u984c\u3092\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5f79\u5272\u306f\u52a9\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306b\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u3082\u3064\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u984c\u3082\u63d0\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u3002Michael Polanyi\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u306f\u5de8\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u4e89\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u8005\u306e\u591a\u304f\u304c\u3001The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u56e3\u4f53\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u56e3\u4f53\u306f1952\u5e74\u306b\u8a2d\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u53cd\u5171\u7523\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u6027\u683c\u304c\u5f37\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u77e5\u7684\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5909\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304d\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u5834\u3092\u3064\u304f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c1967\u5e74\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3053\u306e\u56e3\u4f53\u306bCIA\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u66b4\u9732\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3069\u3046\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u306f\u5206\u88c2\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Daniel Bell\u306e\u300c\u8131\u5de5\u696d\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3082\u3001CCF\u30bb\u30df\u30ca\u30fc\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5834\u3067\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u30bd\u9023\u3067\u306f\u30011950-60\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u30fb\u6280\u8853\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u304c\u793e\u4f1a\u30fb\u7d4c\u6e08\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u9769\u547d\u300d\u306e\u8ad6\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001<em>Minerva<\/em>\u3084CCF\u3067\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3068\u3001\u30bd\u9023\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u9769\u547d\u8ad6\u306e\u4e2d\u8eab\u306b\u7acb\u3061\u5165\u3063\u3066\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001Kuhn\u306e\u300e<em>\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u306e\u69cb\u9020<\/em>\u300f\u3092\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6b8b\u5ff5\u306a\u304c\u3089\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u307e\u3060\u3088\u304f\u3064\u304b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002(\u7ae0\u306e\u984c\u540d\u306b\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u300c\/\u300d\u3092\u306f\u3055\u3093\u3067\u8457\u8005\u540d\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002)<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\nContents<br \/>\nAcknowledgments<br \/>\nIntroduction \/Oreskes<br \/>\n1. Science in the Origins of the Cold War \/Oreskes<br \/>\n &#8211; The Political Origins of the Cold War<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ghost of Depression Past and Future<br \/>\n &#8211; Nation and Knowledge<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Cold War&#8217;s Effect on Science: Moving Past Miasma<br \/>\n2. Atomic Tracings: Radioisotopes in Biology and Medicine \/Angela N. H. Creager<br \/>\n &#8211; Early Isotopic Tracers<br \/>\n &#8211; Artificial Radioisotopes as Tracers and for Therapy<br \/>\n &#8211; Cyclotrons at War<br \/>\n &#8211; Radiocarbon and the Proliferation of Metabolic Pathways<br \/>\n &#8211; Nuclear Medicine<br \/>\n &#8211; Tracing Ecosystems<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion: The Medical Culture of Cold War Science<br \/>\n3. Self-Reliant Science: The Impact of the Cold War on Science in Socialist China \/Sigrid Schmalzer<br \/>\n &#8211; Alternative Time Lines<br \/>\n &#8211; Revolutionary Roots<br \/>\n &#8211; The Sino-Soviet Split and the Second Wave of Self-Reliant Science<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8220;Self-Reliance and Arduous Struggle&#8221;: &#8220;In Agriculture, Learn from Dazhai&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; Sino-US Rapprochement and the Production of Socialist-Chinese Uniqueness in Science<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion and Epilogue<br \/>\n4. From the End of the World to the Age of the Earth: The Cold War Development of Isotope Geochemistry at the University of Chicago and Caltech \/Matthew Shindell<br \/>\n &#8211; Shaping the University of Chicago&#8217;s Institute for Nuclear Studies for Postwar Research<br \/>\n &#8211; From Isotope Separation to Isotope Geochemistry<br \/>\n &#8211; Funding the New Program<br \/>\n &#8211; Caltech, Lee DuBridge, and the Government as a Customer for Research<br \/>\n &#8211; From Old Bones to New Machines and Utopian Visions<br \/>\n &#8211; From Utopia to the Age of the Earth and the Birth of a &#8220;Lead Man&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion<br \/>\n5. Changing the Mission: From the Cold War to Climate Change \/Oreskes<br \/>\n &#8211; Anthropogenic Climate Change as a Scientific Opportunity<br \/>\n &#8211; Taking the Ocean&#8217;s Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; A Risk to Marine Mammals?<br \/>\n &#8211; From Heard Island to ATOC<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8220;Whale Lovers Went Wild&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; NMFS Hearings, March 1994<br \/>\n &#8211; Damage Control<br \/>\n &#8211; The Draft Environmental Impact Statements<br \/>\n &#8211; California Coastal Commission Hearings: Absence of Evidence or Evidence of Absence?<br \/>\n &#8211; Resolution and Results<br \/>\n &#8211; Discussion<br \/>\n6. Fighting Each Other: The N-1, Soviet Big Science, and the Cold War at Home \/Asif Siddiqi<br \/>\n &#8211; Big Science in the Soviet Context<br \/>\n &#8211; The Rise of the Space &#8220;Scientists&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; The Market for Innovation<br \/>\n &#8211; A Tale of Rocket Propellants<br \/>\n &#8211; Glushko&#8217;s Refusal<br \/>\n &#8211; The Keldysh Commission<br \/>\n &#8211; After the Decision<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusions<br \/>\n7. Embedding the National in the Global: US-French Relationships in Space Science and Rocketry in the 1960s \/Krige<br \/>\n &#8211; The US-European Geopolitical Context for Speace Collaboration<br \/>\n &#8211; Standardizing Technical and Managerial Practices: The &#8220;Americanization&#8221; of French Space Science in the Early 1960s<br \/>\n &#8211; Regulating Flows of Sensitive Technology: Propulsion<br \/>\n &#8211; Expanding the Scope of Collaboration: Knowledge Sharing as an Incentive to Sustain ELDO<br \/>\n &#8211; Concluding Remarks<br \/>\n8. Bringing NASA Back to Earth: A Search for Relevance during the Cold War \/Erik M. Conway<br \/>\n &#8211; A Short History of the NASA Applications Program<br \/>\n &#8211; NASA and the Problem of Relevance<br \/>\n &#8211; Constructing Earth System Science<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion<br \/>\n9. Calculating Times: Radar, Ballistic Missiles, and Einstein&#8217;s Relativity \/Benjamin Wilson &#038; David Kaiser<br \/>\n &#8211; Lincoln Laboratory and Ballistic Missile Defense<br \/>\n &#8211; Irwin Shapiro and he Time-Delay Test<br \/>\n &#8211; The Haystack Radar<br \/>\n &#8211; The Time-Delay Test and the Fate of the Haystack Radar<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion<br \/>\n10. Defining (Scientific) Direction: Soviet Nuclear Physics and Reactor Engineering during the Cold War \/Sonja D. Schmid<br \/>\n &#8211; Soviet Science and the Beginning of Soviet Nuclear Physics<br \/>\n &#8211; Post-Stalin Reforms and the Return of Soviet Science to the World<br \/>\n &#8211; Nuclear Reaction in the Service of Soviet Electrification<br \/>\n &#8211; Institutional Designs and the Role of the &#8220;Scientific Director&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; Competing Technological Designs<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion<br \/>\n11. The Cold War and the Reshaping of Transnational Science in China \/Zouyue Wang<br \/>\n &#8211; Americanization before the Cold War, ca. 1900-1949<br \/>\n &#8211; Sovietization and Countercurrents, 1949-1960<br \/>\n &#8211; Self-Reliancein the 1960s<br \/>\n &#8211; Post-Nixon Transformations<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion<br \/>\n12. When <i>Structure<\/i> Met Sputnik: On the Cold War Origins of <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions<\/i> \/George Reisch<br \/>\n &#8211; Kuhn, Conant, and Western Liberty<br \/>\n &#8211; From &#8220;Sociology&#8221; to &#8220;Ideology&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; Sputnik and the American Public Mind<br \/>\n &#8211; From Ideology to Paradigms<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8220;The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; Conant, Glass, and the Anti-Communist Scientific Consensus<br \/>\n &#8211; On the Invisibility of &#8216;Dogma&#8217;<br \/>\n &#8211; Conant Reads <i>Structure<\/i><br \/>\n &#8211; Two Modes of History of Science<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion<br \/>\n13. Big Science and &#8220;Big Science Studies&#8221; in the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War \/Elena Aronova<br \/>\n &#8211; The &#8220;<i>Minerva<\/i> debate&#8221;; Big Science and &#8220;Big Science Studies&#8221; in Cold War America<br \/>\n &#8211; The Congress for Cultural Freedom and Its &#8220;Study Groups&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; The CCF &#8220;methodology&#8221;: The Study Groups and the Seminar Program<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8220;Who paid the piper&#8221;: The CIA connection and the moral crusade of the CCF<br \/>\n &#8211; The Broader Context of the &#8220;<i>Minerva<\/i> Debate&#8221;: The Theories of &#8220;Post-Industrial Society&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; The Soviet &#8220;Counterpart&#8221; of Big Science: The Theory of &#8220;Scientific-Technological Revolution&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; Reading Kuhn&#8217;s <i>Structure<\/i> against the Backdrop of the Discussion on Big Science in America and the Soviet Union<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion<br \/>\nConcluding Remarks \/Krige<br \/>\nAbout the Authors<br \/>\nIndex<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Naomi Oreskes &#038; John Krige eds., 2014: Science and Technology in the Global Cold War. Cambridge MA USA: T [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5371"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5371\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7383,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5371\/revisions\/7383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}