{"id":5205,"date":"2015-03-05T04:39:44","date_gmt":"2015-03-04T19:39:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5205"},"modified":"2019-06-15T00:42:33","modified_gmt":"2019-06-14T15:42:33","slug":"national-research-council-usa-2015-climate-intervention-2%e5%86%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5205","title":{"rendered":"National Research Council [USA] (2015): Climate Intervention (2\u518a)"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>National Research Council, 2015: <em>Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration<\/em>. National Academies Press, 140 pp. (\u4eee). ISBN 978-0-309-30529-7. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/18805\">http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/18805<\/a> (\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u300cCDR\u306e\u5dfb\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002)<\/li>\n<li>National Research Council, 2015: <em>Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth<\/em>. National Academies Press, 234 pp. (\u4eee). ISBN 978-0-309-31482-4. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/18988\">http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/18988<\/a> (\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u300cAM\u306e\u5dfb\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u5bfe\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u300c\u30b8\u30aa\u30a8\u30f3\u30b8\u30cb\u30a2\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u300d(geoengineering)\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u6c17\u5019\u5de5\u5b66\u300d(climate engineering)\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u6280\u8853\u7fa4\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u30a2\u30ab\u30c7\u30df\u30fc(NAS)\u3067\u8b70\u8ad6\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u30011\u5e74\u307b\u3069\u524d\u304b\u3089\u805e\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u30012015\u5e742\u670810\u65e5\u3001\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u304c\u767a\u8868\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u4f53\u88c1\u3092\u6574\u3048\u308b\u7de8\u96c6\u304c\u307e\u3060\u3059\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044PDF\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u304cNational Academies Press\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u66ab\u5b9a\u7248PDF\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u308b(\u4e0a\u306b\u300c\u4eee\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u793a\u3057\u305f\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u6570\u306f\u66ab\u5b9a\u7248\u306e\u3082\u306e)\u3002\u6570\u304b\u6708\u4ee5\u5185\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7d19\u306e\u672c\u306f\u6709\u6599\u3068\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001PDF\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306f\u7121\u6599\u30c0\u30a6\u30f3\u30ed\u30fc\u30c9\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3001NAS\u306e\u95a2\u9023\u6a5f\u95a2\u3067\u3042\u308bNational Research Council (NRC\u3001\u982d\u6587\u5b57\u304c\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u898f\u5236\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3068\u540c\u3058\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u5225\u3082\u306e)\u306eCommittee on Geoengineering Climate: Technical Evaluation and Discussion of Impacts\u3068\u3044\u3046\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3060\u3002\u3053\u306e\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306f\u3001NRC\u306e\u5730\u7403\u30fb\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u90e8(Division on Earth and Life Studies)\u306e\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u79d1\u5b66\u30fb\u6c17\u5019\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a(Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate)\u3068\u6d77\u6d0b\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a(Ocean Studies Board)\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u306f\u3001NAS\u306e\u610f\u5fd7\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8981\u8acb\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002\u696d\u52d9\u59d4\u8a17\u3057\u305f\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u7701\u5e81\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001NOAA, NASA, \u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u7701(DoE)\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306f\u4e88\u60f3\u3069\u304a\u308a\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u307b\u304b\u306b&#8221;intelligence community&#8221; \u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304fCIA\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5de5\u5b66\u3092\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002\u3068\u304f\u306b\u3001\u3069\u3053\u304b\u306e\u56fd\u3084\u6c11\u9593\u4eba\u304c\u52dd\u624b\u306b\u6c17\u5019\u5de5\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5b9f\u884c\u3057\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8b66\u6212\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u540d\u307e\u3048\u306b\u306fgeoengineering\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3070\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002(\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3053\u308c\u306f\u52d5\u540d\u8a5e\u3067\u300cclimate\u3092geoengineer\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306fRoyal Society (2009)\u306e\u8868\u984c\u304b\u3089\u5f15\u304d\u7d99\u3044\u3060\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002) \u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3067\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001engineer\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u304c\u5bfe\u8c61(\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u6c17\u5019)\u306e\u3057\u304f\u307f\u3092\u3088\u304f\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3075\u3055\u308f\u3057\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3070\u3060\u304c\u3001\u73fe\u72b6\u3067\u306f\u305d\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u306f\u3068\u3066\u3082\u4e0d\u78ba\u304b\u3060\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3067\u3001\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u306e\u8868\u984c\u306b\u306f\u3001climate intervention (\u6c17\u5019\u3078\u306e\u4ecb\u5165)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u9078\u3070\u308c\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u7d71\u4e00\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u306f\u4fbf\u5b9c\u4e0a\u300c\u6c17\u5019\u5de5\u5b66\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7dcf\u62ec\u7684\u306a\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u30a2\u30ab\u30c7\u30df\u30fc\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u6a5f\u95a2\u3067\u3042\u308bRoyal Society\u304c2009\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u304c\u57fa\u672c\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u4eca\u5ea6\u306eNRC\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304b\u30895\u5e74\u307b\u3069\u306e\u9032\u5c55\u3092\u3075\u307e\u3048\u305f\u6539\u8a02\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u610f\u5473\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u691c\u8a0e\u306e\u8da3\u65e8\u306f\u6280\u8853\u8a55\u4fa1\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u3084\u502b\u7406\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u554f\u984c\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u6307\u6458\u306f\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3055\u304d\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u59d4\u54e1\u306b\u3082\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6James Fleming [\u3053\u306e\u30e1\u30e2\u3067\u306f\u4eba\u540d\u306f\u656c\u79f0\u3092\u7565\u3059\u308b]\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u307b\u304b\u306f\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u308f\u304b\u308b\u304b\u304e\u308a\u3067\u5168\u54e1\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3084\u5de5\u5b66\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u3092\u3082\u3064\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u3084\u502b\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u306a\u3069\u306f\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3060(\u8b1d\u8f9e\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u67fb\u8aad\u8005\u306bClive Hamilton\u304c\u306f\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u59d4\u54e1\u9577Marcia McNutt\u306f\u73fe\u5728<em>Science<\/em>\u8a8c\u7de8\u96c6\u9577\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u56fa\u4f53\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u304c\u5c02\u9580\u3067\u3001\u5730\u8cea\u8abf\u67fb\u6240(USGS)\u9577\u3092\u3064\u3068\u3081\u305f\u4eba\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u8853\u3068\u884c\u653f\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u898b\u8b58\u3092\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u59d4\u54e1\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5de5\u5b66\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u308b\u3002Ken Caldeira\u3084\u3001(David Keith\u3068\u5171\u8457\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u591a\u3044) M. Granger Morgan\u3001(\u6570\u5024\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8GeoMIP\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u3067\u305d\u306e\u5e79\u4e8bKravitz\u306e\u8077\u5834\u306e\u5148\u8f29(\u4e0a\u53f8?)\u3067\u3042\u308b) Philip Rasch\u306a\u3069\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u306b\u6c17\u5019\u5de5\u5b66\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3067\u304d\u305d\u3046\u306a\u3001\u95a2\u9023\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u7269\u7406\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u3067\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u60d1\u661f\u5927\u6c17\u304c\u5c02\u9580\u306eRaymond Pierrehumbert\u304c\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306f\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3060\u304c\u6d77\u8ecd\u306b\u3044\u305fDavid Titley\u304c\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6c17\u5019\u3068\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u3068\u306e\u304b\u3089\u307f\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u540d\u307e\u3048\u3092\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u8abf\u3079\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3068\u3001\u751f\u614b\u5b66\u3084\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u3092\u5c02\u9580\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3067\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u306f\u3001IPCC\u3068\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3044\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u304a\u3053\u306a\u308f\u305a\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u6587\u732e\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Royal Society (2009)\u4ee5\u6765\u3001geoengineering\u306f\u3001Solar Radiation Management (SRM)\u3068Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)\u3068\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5206\u3051\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u6163\u4f8b\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3002(\u3053\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u30ab\u30d0\u30fc\u3057\u304d\u308c\u306a\u3044\u63d0\u6848\u3082\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u306e\u985e\u4f3c\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307e\u3068\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002) \u4eca\u56de\u306eNRC\u306e\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3082\u3001\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3044\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8e0f\u8972\u3057\u305f\u3046\u3048\u3067\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306f\u3001\u306d\u3089\u3044\u3082\u3001\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u3082\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u9055\u3046\u306e\u3067(\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u8868\u300cTable S.1\u300d\u3067\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3057\u3066\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u3092\u4e3b\u984c\u3068\u3057\u305f2\u518a\u306e\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306e\u554f\u3044\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u7b54\u3048\u306a\u306e\u3067\u30012\u518a\u306e\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u306e\u3001\u8981\u7d04(Summary)\u3068\u3001\u5e8f\u8ad6(\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u3001Introduction)\u306b\u306f\u540c\u3058\u6587\u7ae0\u304c\u306f\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>CDR\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3082\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001SRM\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3001management\u306f(engineering\u3068\u540c\u69d8)\u5236\u5fa1\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u907f\u3051\u3001\u8868\u984c\u3067\u306freflecting sunlight\u3001\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u6280\u8853\u7fa4\u306e\u540d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306falbedo modification\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u305f\u3060\u3057\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u5fb9\u5e95\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044)\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u4eee\u306bAM\u3068\u7565\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7565\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u308f\u304b\u308a\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u306e\u3067\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3068\u3046\u3076\u3093\u3001\u3053\u308c\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u5834\u3067\u306fSRM\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2\u518a\u306b\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8981\u7d04(Summary)\u306b\u306f\u30016\u3064\u306e\u52e7\u544a\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u52e7\u544a\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u7e2e\u3081\u3066\u7d39\u4ecb\u3059\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u52e7\u544a1: \u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u5bfe\u7b56\u306f\u304a\u3082\u306b\u7de9\u548c\u7b56(\u6392\u51fa\u524a\u6e1b)\u3068\u9069\u5fdc\u7b56\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n\u52e7\u544a2: CDR\u306e\u6280\u8853\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u958b\u767a\u306b\u6295\u8cc7\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n\u52e7\u544a3: \u6c17\u5019\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3092\u304a\u3053\u3059\u898f\u6a21\u3067\u306eAM\u306f\u3001\u307e\u3060\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\u52e7\u544a4: AM\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u753b\u3092\u305f\u3066\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n\u52e7\u544a5: (USA\u306f)\u653e\u5c04\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u691c\u51fa\u30fb\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6539\u826f\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n\u52e7\u544a6: AM\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u306f(\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066)\u3069\u3093\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3092\u691c\u8a0e\u3059\u308b\u719f\u8b70\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u7d04\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u90e8\u5206\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u6c17\u5019\u3078\u306e\u4ecb\u5165\u306f\u3001\u6392\u51fa\u524a\u6e1b\u306b\u4ee3\u308f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u306a\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u5099\u3048\u3066\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u3082\u3064\u6280\u8853\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3059\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; CDR\u306f\u4eca\u306f\u8cbb\u7528\u304c\u9ad8\u3059\u304e\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6280\u8853\u9769\u65b0\u306b\u671f\u5f85\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; AM\u306f\u4e0d\u78ba\u304b\u306a\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u5927\u304d\u3059\u304e\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305a\u5f71\u97ff\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001robust\u3067\u3001open\u3067\u3001\u57fa\u790e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u898b\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2\u518a\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u306f\u5927\u7b4b\u3067\u540c\u3058\u5f62\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u306f\u5171\u901a\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5730\u7403\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u3068\u5bfe\u7b56\u3092\u6982\u89b3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u306fCDR, AM\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6280\u8853\u3092\u5206\u985e\u3057\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u306f\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u6280\u8853\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u3002AM\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306f\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u306b\u3001\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u30a8\u30fc\u30ed\u30be\u30eb\u6ce8\u5165\u3068\u3001\u6d77\u4e0a\u96f2\u53cd\u5c04\u5f37\u5316\u306b\u3057\u307c\u3063\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002(\u5b87\u5b99\u53cd\u5c04\u7269\u306f\u8cbb\u7528\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3001\u9678\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30d9\u30c9\u6539\u5909\u306f\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u5316\u304c\u56f0\u96e3\u3001\u6d77\u306e\u6d6e\u904a\u7269\u306f\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u4e0d\u78ba\u304b\u3001(AM\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u8d64\u5916\u653e\u5c04\u6539\u5909\u3067\u3042\u308b)\u5dfb\u96f2\u6539\u5909\u306f\u307e\u3060\u57fa\u790e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u898b\u304c\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u7406\u7531\u3067\u3001\u7c21\u5358\u306b\u304b\u305f\u3065\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002) CDR\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306f\u6570\u3048\u304b\u305f\u306b\u3082\u3088\u308b\u304c6\u3064\u304f\u3089\u3044\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u540c\u69d8\u306a\u91cd\u307f\u3067\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5185\u308f\u3051\u306f\u3053\u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306e\u307b\u3046\u3067\u7d39\u4ecb\u3059\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u306e\u6700\u5f8c\u306b\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u8ef8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6280\u8853\u9593\u306e\u76f8\u5bfe\u7684\u512a\u52a3\u3092\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u78ba\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3092\u305d\u3048\u3066\u3001\u8868\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8ef8\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306a\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u3001\u6280\u8853\u304c\u3069\u306e\u304f\u3089\u3044\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5bfe\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u898f\u6a21\u307e\u3067\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u5316\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u666e\u53ca\u3067\u304d\u305d\u3046\u304b\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u3078\u306e\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u304c\u4e88\u60f3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u8cbb\u7528\u306e\u898b\u7a4d\u3082\u308a\u3001\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u3010[2019-06-15 \u88dc\u8db3] \u3053\u306e\u8868\u304c\u7d19\u9762\u306e\u5834\u6240\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u898b\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u304f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u30012015\u5e743\u6708\u306b\u3001\u3064\u3081\u306a\u304a\u3057\u305f\u8868\u3092\u3064\u304f\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u8868\u8a08\u7b97\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u306e\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u30b7\u30fc\u30c8\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u30012019\u5e746\u6708\u3001HTML\u306e\u8868\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u306a\u304a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u66ab\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306e<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/temporary\/clim_intervention\/nrc2015table.html\">[\u3053\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b8]<\/a>\u306b\u7f6e\u3044\u305f\u3002\u8aac\u660e\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u307e\u307e\u7701\u7565\u8868\u73fe\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u60c5\u5831\u4e0d\u8db3\u3060\u304c\u3001\u539f\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u306f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u3011<br \/>\n\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u3002AM\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u3068\u5b9f\u65bd\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3092\u5206\u3051\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u6587\u732e\u306a\u3069\u3092\u5217\u6319\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u9577\u3044\u304c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u691c\u8a0e\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002CDR\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306f\u3001\u77ed\u304f\u3001\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br 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2\u4fbf\u5b9c\u7684\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306fCDR\u3092\u3001\u300c\u5927\u6c17\u304b\u3089\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u3092\u5438\u53ce\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u70ad\u7d20\u3092\u5927\u6c17\u304b\u3089\u9694\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u306b\u3042\u3066\u306f\u307e\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u9650\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u9694\u96e2\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u306b\u3082\u3069\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306b\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u304b\u304b\u308c\u3070\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>CDR\u306e\u6280\u8853\u3092\u3001\u5927\u304d\u304f\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u56de\u53ce\u3068\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u306e\u70ad\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0\u306e\u6539\u5909\u306b\u5206\u3051\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306a\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u56de\u53ce\u9694\u96e2(CCS)\u306f\u3001\u71c3\u6599(\u71c3\u713c\u6392\u6c17\u307e\u305f\u306f\u71c3\u6599\u6539\u8cea\u904e\u7a0b)\u304b\u3089\u53d6\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3001\u7a7a\u6c17\u304b\u3089\u53d6\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3082\u306e(\u76f4\u63a5\u7a7a\u6c17\u56de\u53ce direct air capture, 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\u65e2\u5b58\u306eCCS\u306e\u898f\u6a21\u306f\u6570\u5341 MtCO2\/\u5e74\u3060\u304c\u3001\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u5bfe\u7b56\u306b\u6709\u52b9\u306b\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5343\u500d\u306e\u6841\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5730\u4e0b\u306e\u9694\u96e2\u5834\u6240\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068(\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8a55\u4fa1\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d7\u5bb9)\u3068\u3001\u8cbb\u7528\u3092\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>BECCS\u306f\u3001\u30d0\u30a4\u30aa\u71c3\u6599\u683d\u57f9\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u571f\u5730\u304c\u98df\u6599\u751f\u7523\u3084\u81ea\u7136\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u4fdd\u8b77\u3068\u306e\u7af6\u5408\u3067\u5236\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599CCS\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u52b9\u7387\u304c\u3088\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u5b9f\u65bd\u306f\u5316\u77f3\u71c3\u6599\u6d88\u8cbb\u304c\u3058\u3085\u3046\u3076\u3093\u6e1b\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u898b\u901a\u3057\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f4\u63a5\u7a7a\u6c17\u56de\u53ce\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306e\u305b\u3044\u3067\u3001\u539f\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u3001\u71c3\u6599\u304b\u3089\u306eCCS\u306e2\u500d\u304b\u308910\u500d\u304b\u304b\u308b\u3068\u898b\u7a4d\u3082\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5438\u53ce\u6280\u8853\u3082\u5225\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u958b\u767a\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u7136\u306e\u70ad\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0\u306e\u6539\u5909\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u300c\u571f\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u300d(land management)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9678\u4e0a\u690d\u751f\u30fb\u571f\u58cc\u3078\u306e\u8caf\u7559\u306e\u5897\u52a0\n<ul>\n<li> (\u68ee\u6797\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u6291\u5236\u306f\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u304cCDR\u3067\u306a\u304f\u7de9\u548c\u7b56\u306b\u542b\u3081\u308b)<\/li>\n<li>\u68ee\u6797\u80b2\u6210(\u56de\u5fa9\u306freforestration\u3001\u65b0\u898f\u306fafforestation)<\/li>\n<li>\u8fb2\u5730\u30fb\u8349\u5730\u306e\u7ba1\u7406\u306e\u304f\u3075\u3046\u306b\u3088\u308b\u70ad\u7d20\u8caf\u7559\u5897\u52a0<\/li>\n<li>(\u70ad\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8fb2\u5730\u306b\u5165\u308c\u308bbiochar\u306f\u56f2\u307f\u8a18\u4e8b\u3067\u8a00\u53ca\u3057CDR\u306b\u6570\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u6d77\u6d0b\u751f\u7269\u30dd\u30f3\u30d7(\u56fa\u4f53\u7c92\u5b50\u306e\u6c88\u964d)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6df1\u5c64\u3078\u306e\u8f38\u9001\u306e\u5f37\u5316\n<ul>\n<li>\u6804\u990a\u5143\u7d20\u88dc\u7d66\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30c8\u30f3\u306e\u751f\u80b2\u4fc3\u9032\n<ul>\n<li> (\u7a92\u7d20\u3084\u30ea\u30f3\u306e\u65bd\u80a5 &#8230; CDR\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u5316\u56f0\u96e3)<\/li>\n<li>\u9244\u306e\u65bd\u80a5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li> (\u4eba\u5de5\u306e\u6c34\u30dd\u30f3\u30d7\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8868\u9762\u3068\u6df1\u5c64\u306e\u6c34\u306e\u4ea4\u63db &#8230; CDR\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u5316\u56f0\u96e3)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>(\u7121\u6a5f)\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u70ad\u7d20\u5faa\u74b0\u3078\u306e\u4ecb\u5165\n<ul>\n<li>\u30ab\u30eb\u30b7\u30a6\u30e0\u30fb\u30de\u30b0\u30cd\u30b7\u30a6\u30e0\u73ea\u9178\u5869\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u98a8\u5316\u306e\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u52a0\u901f<\/li>\n<li>\u6d77\u6d0b\u3078\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30ab\u30ea\u985e\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6d77\u6d0b\u306e(\u4e2d\u548c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u3067\u306e)\u70ad\u7d20\u8caf\u7559\u306e\u5897\u52a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3001\u300c\u571f\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u306f\u3001\u308f\u308a\u3042\u3044\u6210\u719f\u3057\u305f\u6280\u8853\u3060\u304c\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u3001\u3068\u304f\u306b\u98df\u6599\u751f\u7523\u3068\u306e\u7af6\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308b\u9650\u754c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6d77\u6d0b\u9244\u65bd\u80a5\u306f\u3001\u3075\u3048\u305f\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u304c\u5206\u89e3\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3067\u6c88\u3093\u3067\u304f\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3001\u9244\u306f\u3069\u3046\u306a\u308b\u304b(\u65bd\u80a5\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u306f\u6301\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u304b)\u304c\u4e0d\u78ba\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8cbb\u7528\u306f\u304b\u3064\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u307b\u3069\u5b89\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u30fb\u6d77\u6d0b\u5316\u5b66\u3078\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u4e0d\u78ba\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u73fe\u72b6\u3067\u306f\u56fd\u969b\u6cd5\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3082\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u65bd\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5ca9\u77f3\u98a8\u5316\u306e\u52a0\u901f\u3068\u6d77\u6d0b\u30a2\u30eb\u30ab\u30ea\u5ea6\u5897\u52a0\u306f\u3001\u539f\u7406\u306f\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u307e\u3060\u5b9f\u9a13\u3067\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u9271\u7269\u3092\u63a1\u6398\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u5b9f\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u898f\u6a21\u306e\u5236\u7d04\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u63a1\u6398\u5730\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u4fdd\u5168\u3084\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u5408\u610f\u3082\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7d50\u5c40\u3001CDR\u306e\u5404\u6280\u8853\u306f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u56f0\u96e3\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u56f0\u96e3\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u304c\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u300c\u571f\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u300d\u306f\u3001\u6280\u8853\u306f\u3042\u308a\u8cbb\u7528\u306f\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u5b89\u3044\u304c\u3001\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u306e\u9650\u754c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; BECCS\u306f\u3001\u6280\u8853\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u8cbb\u7528\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u3001\u571f\u5730\u5229\u7528\u306e\u9650\u754c\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u76f4\u63a5\u7a7a\u6c17\u56de\u53ce\u306f\u3001\u6280\u8853\u306e\u6539\u826f\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8cbb\u7528\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u5ca9\u77f3\u98a8\u5316\u52a0\u901f\u3068\u6d77\u6d0b\u30a2\u30eb\u30ab\u30ea\u5ea6\u5897\u52a0\u306f\u3001\u539f\u7406\u306f\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u672a\u719f\u306a\u6280\u8853\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n &#8211; \u6d77\u6d0b\u65bd\u80a5\u306f\u3001\u52b9\u679c\u3082\u74b0\u5883\u5f71\u97ff\u3082\u4e0d\u78ba\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308a\u4eca\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u30aa\u30d7\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306b\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Royal Society, 2009: <em>Geoengineering the Climate: science, governance and uncertainty<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/policy\/publications\/2009\/geoengineering-climate\/\">https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/policy\/publications\/2009\/geoengineering-climate\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u756a\u53f7\u304c\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4eee\u306e\u7248\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u6700\u7d42\u7248\u3067\u306f\u5909\u308f\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4eee\u306e\u7248\u306e\u76ee\u6b21\u306b\u629c\u3051\u3066\u3044\u305f\u9805\u76ee\u3092\u6c17\u3065\u3044\u305f\u9650\u308a\u3067\u88dc\u3063\u305f\u304c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u306f\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u756a\u53f7\u3092\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n<strong>CDR\u306e\u5dfb<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Summary<\/strong> 1<br \/>\n &#8211; [BOX S.1] Definitions of Key Terms Used in the Reports<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon Dioxide Removal and Albedo Modification within A Portfolio Of Climate Responses, 2<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon Dioxide Removal Ready for Increased Research and Development, 4<br \/>\n &#8211; Albedo Modification Presents Poorly Understood Risks, 5<br \/>\n &#8211; The Need for More Research On Albedo Modification, 8<br \/>\n &#8211; Governance Considerations<br \/>\n &#8211; Concluding Thoughts, 11<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 1: Introduction<\/strong> 13<br \/>\n &#8211; Decarbonizing the Energy System, 17<br \/>\n &#8211; [BOX 1.1] Why There Are Two Separate Reports<br \/>\n &#8211; Adapting to Climate Change, 20<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon Dioxide Removal and Albedo Modification, 23<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 2: Carbon Dioxide Removal<\/strong> 25<br \/>\n &#8211; [BOX 2.1] Historical Context for Carbon Dioxide Removal<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 3: Assessment of Possible Carbon Dioxide Removal and Long-Term Sequestration Systems<\/strong> 34<br \/>\n &#8211; Land Management, 34<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Afforestation and Reforestation, 34<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Carbon Sequestration on Agricultural Lands, 37<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Summary of Land Management Approaches, 38<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [BOX 3.1] Biochar<br \/>\n &#8211; Accelerated Weathering Methods and Mineral Carbonation, 40<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Scaling and Environmental Issues, 43<br \/>\n &#8211; Ocean Fertilization, 47<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [BOX 3.2] Historical Context of Ocean Iron Fertilization<br \/>\n &#8211; Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS), Direct Air Capture and Sequestration (DACS), 53<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS), 53<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Direct Air Capture and Sequestration (DACS), 56<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [BOX 3.3] Seawater Capture<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide, 63<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Utilization of Carbon Dioxide and Available Markets, 69<br \/>\n &#8211; Chapter Summary 69<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 4: Social Context<\/strong> 83<br \/>\n &#8211; Legal and Ethical Issues, 83<br \/>\n &#8211; Political and Social Considerations, 84<br \/>\n &#8211; Economic Considerations, 84<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 5: Way Forward<\/strong> 87<br \/>\n &#8211; Scale, 88<br \/>\n &#8211; Value, 89<br \/>\n &#8211; Research, 90<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon Dioxide Removal and Controversy, 92<br \/>\n &#8211; Concluding Thoughts, 93<br \/>\nReferences 95<br \/>\nAppendix A: Statement of Task for the Committee 115<br \/>\nAppendix B: Committee Biographies 117<br \/>\nAppendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations 125<\/p>\n<p><strong>AM\u306e\u5dfb<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Summary<\/strong> 1<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box S.1] Definitions of Key Terms Used in the Reports<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon Dioxide Removal and Albedo Modification Within a Portfolio of Climate Responses, 2<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon Dioxide Removal Ready for Increased Research and Development, 4<br \/>\n &#8211; Albedo Modification Presents Poorly Understood Risks, 5<br \/>\n &#8211; The Need for More Research on Albedo Modification, 8<br \/>\n &#8211; Governance Considerations<br \/>\n &#8211; Concluding Thoughts<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 1: Introduction<\/strong> 13<br \/>\n &#8211; Decarbonizing the Energy System, 17<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 1.1] Why There Are Two Separate Reports<br \/>\n &#8211; Adapting to Climate Change, 20<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 1.2] History of Albedo Modification Concept<br \/>\n &#8211; Carbon Dioxide Removal and Albedo Modification, 23<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 2: Climate Intervention by Modifying Earth\u2019s Albedo<\/strong> 25<br \/>\n &#8211; Introduction 25<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 2.1] Historical Context from Previous Attempts to Control Weather<br \/>\n &#8211; Some Basic Physics Concerning Climate Intervention by Albedo Modification, 26<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 2.2] Summary of Terminology Used in This Report<br \/>\n &#8211; Motivation for Researching Albedo Modification, 30<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 2.3] Radiative Forcing and Albedo<br \/>\n &#8211; Comparison of Some Basic Risks Associated with Albedo Modification, 33<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Poorly Understood and Regionally Heterogeneous Consequences for the Climate System, 33<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 2.4] Ocean Acidification<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Timescale Mismatch, Risks of Millennial Dependence, and Constraints on Strategies for Limiting the Duration of Reliance on Albedo Modification, 36<br \/>\n &#8211; Overview of the Albedo Modification Assessment 37<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 3: Technical Analysis of Possible Albedo Modification Techniques<\/strong> 39<br \/>\n &#8211; Idealized Simulations of the Effects of Albedo Modification 39<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Solar Constant Experiments, 40<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 3.1] Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Experiment (GeoMIP)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Experiments with a Uniform Increase in Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth, 47<br \/>\n &#8211; Albedo Modification Strategies 54<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Climate Intervention by Stratospheric Aerosol Albedo Modification (SAAM), 54<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Basic Physics, Chemistry, and the Life Cycle of Stratospheric Aerosols, 55<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 3.2] Effects of Aerosols on Cirrus Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Observations and Field Experiments of Relevance to SAAM, 59<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 3.3] Are Volcanic Eruptions Good Analogues for Stratospheric Aerosol Injection?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Proposed Mechanisms for SAAM, 64<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Model estimates of Aerosol Forcing from SAAM, 64<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Modeled Climate System Responses to SAAM, 68<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 3.4] Regional Albedo Modification<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Observational Requirements for SAAM, 73<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Environmental Consequences of SAAM, 75<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; [Box 3.5] Observational Requirements for Making Better Use of Volcanoes as Natural Experiments<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Technical Feasibility of SAAM, 76<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Unresolved or Less Tangible Issues for SAAM, 79<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Summary and Statement of Research Needs for SAAM, 79<br \/>\n &#8211; Albedo Modification by Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB), 82<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Science Underlying the Marine Cloud Brightening Concept, 82<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Observations of Marine Cloud Brightening, 85<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Proposed Mechanisms for Marine Cloud Brightening, 87<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Challenges in the Implementation of Marine Cloud Brightening, 90<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Modeled Climate System Responses to Marine Cloud Brightening, 91<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Observational Requirements for Characterizing Marine Cloud Brightening, 96<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Environmental Consequences of Marine Cloud Brightening, 97<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Technical Feasibility of Marine Cloud Brightening, 98<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Summary and Statement of Research Needs for Marine Cloud Brightening, 101<br \/>\n &#8211; Other Methods, 103<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Space-Based Methods, 104<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Surface Albedo, 104<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cirrus Cloud Modification, 105<br \/>\n &#8211; Observational Issues for Albedo Modification, 107<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Satellite Monitoring of Large Scale Direct Effects of Albedo Modification, 107<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Satellite Monitoring of Large Scale Indirect Effects of Albedo Modification<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; In Situ Process Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Detecting Unilateral and Uncoordinated Deployment<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Current Observational Capabilities and Needs for Future Continuity of Obsevations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Benefits of Multiple-Use Observational Capability<br \/>\n &#8211; Summary and Research Needs for Albedo Modification 113<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 4: Governance of Research and Other Sociopolitical Considerations<\/strong> 121<br \/>\n &#8211; Governance Considerations for Albedo Modification Research, 121<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Previous Discussions of Governance of Albedo Modification Research, 122<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 4.1] Responses to Key Governance Questions Identified in Previous Workshops<br \/>\n &#8211; Ethical and Sociopolitical Issues, 135<br \/>\n &#8211; Relevant U.S. Laws and International Treaties, 136<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relevant U.S. Laws, 136<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relevant International Treaties, 138<br \/>\n &#8211; Intellectual Property and Private Sector Engagement, 139<br \/>\n &#8211; Next Steps, 140<br \/>\n<strong>Chapter 5: Way Forward<\/strong> 143<br \/>\n &#8211; Albedo Modification within a Portfolio Of Climate Responses, 144<br \/>\n &#8211; Albedo Modification Presents Poorly Understood Risks, 147<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box 5.1] Recommended Areas of Scientific Research<br \/>\n &#8211; The Need for More Research on Albedo Modification, 148<br \/>\n &#8211; Governance Considerations, 153<br \/>\n &#8211; Concluding Thoughts, 154<br \/>\nReferences 157<br \/>\nAppendix A: Statement of Task for the Committee 191<br \/>\nAppendix B: Committee Biographies 193<br \/>\nAppendix C: Planned Weather Modification 201<br \/>\n &#8211; Planned Weather Modification Versus Climate Intervention<br \/>\n &#8211; Lessons from Weather Modification for Climate Intervention<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Historical Attempts at Weather Modification<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cloud Seeding Activities Continue with No Robust Research Program Supporting Them<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Regulation and Oversight of Weather Modification Programs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; International<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Federal<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; State<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Lessons from Public Reactions to Weather Modification Activities<br \/>\n &#8211; [Box C.1] Chemtrail Conspiracy Theories<br \/>\nAppendix D: Volcanic Eruptions as Analogues for Albedo Modification 211<br \/>\n &#8211; Observation and Simulation of Response to Volcanic Eruptions: Past Studies<br \/>\n &#8211; Volcanic Reponse is Far From an Exact Analogy for Climate Intervention by Stratospheric Aerosol Modification<br \/>\nAppendix E: Discussion of Feasibility of Albedo Modification Technologies 215<br \/>\nAppendix F: Acronyms and Abbreviations 217<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>National Research Council, 2015: Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration. Nati [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5205"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8639,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5205\/revisions\/8639"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5205"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5205"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}