{"id":5030,"date":"2015-01-22T22:59:57","date_gmt":"2015-01-22T13:59:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5030"},"modified":"2019-01-02T11:05:14","modified_gmt":"2019-01-02T02:05:14","slug":"us-committee-for-garp-1975-understanding-climatic-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5030","title":{"rendered":"US Committee for GARP (1975) Understanding Climatic Change"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>U.S. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program, 1975: <em>Understanding Climatic Change: A Program for Action<\/em>. Washington DC USA: National Academy of Sciences. ISBN 0-309-02323-8.<\/li>\n<li>\u30c7\u30a3\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u7248\u304c\u3001Internet Archive\u306e<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/understandingcli00unit\/\">https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/understandingcli00unit\/<\/a>\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8907\u6570\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u5f62\u5f0f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001PDF\u7248\u306f https:\/\/archive.org\/download\/understandingcli00unit\/understandingcli00unit.pdf \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3082<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/edu\/clim_sys\/intro\/climsys_usgarp.html\">[\u6559\u6750\u30da\u30fc\u30b8]<\/a>\u3067\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u56f3\u300d\u306e\u51fa\u5178\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u56f3\u306f\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u534a\u304b\u308980\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u3081\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u3092\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u8003\u3048\u304b\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u8aac\u3084\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306e\u5e8f\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u304f\u51fa\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u3001\u96ea\u6c37\u3068\u3044\u3046\u90e8\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u3069\u3046\u3057\u304c\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc(\u71b1)\u3001\u6c34\u3001\u529b\u3092\u3084\u308a\u3068\u308a\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3001\u592a\u967d\u306e\u5909\u52d5\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5916\u90e8\u8981\u56e0\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u5909\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6c34\u84b8\u6c17\u3092\u5225\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u3092\u306f\u3058\u3081\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5927\u6c17\u6210\u5206\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306f\u5916\u90e8\u8981\u56e0\u6271\u3044\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u9678\u9762(\u9678\u6c34\u30fb\u9678\u4e0a\u751f\u614b\u7cfb)\u306f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u660e\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u30011980\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3092\u66f8\u304d\u304f\u308f\u3048\u305f\u5909\u5f62\u7248\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3080\u3057\u308d\u3075\u3064\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u304c\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306e\u8457\u8005\u540d\u3068\u51fa\u7248\u8005\u540d\u304c\u4e00\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306fNational Academy of Sciences (NAS\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u30a2\u30ab\u30c7\u30df\u30fc) \u306e\u95a2\u9023\u6a5f\u95a2\u306eNational Research Council (NRC)\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u5831\u544a\u66f8(\u3084\u4f1a\u8b70\u9332)\u3067\u306f\u3044\u3064\u3082\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001NRC\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0b\u306e\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u59d4\u4efb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u6587\u7ae0\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u305f\u90e8\u4f1a\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ee3\u8868\u8005\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3001\u8ff7\u3046\u306e\u3060\u3002\u307e\u305f\u51fa\u7248\u3082\u3068\u306f\u30011980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306e\u540c\u985e\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306a\u3089\u3070National Academy Press (\u4eca\u306fNational Academies Press\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u5dfb\u982d\u306e\u66f8\u8a8c\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u307f\u308b\u3068National Academy of Sciences (\u306ePrinting and Publishing Office)\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8fd1\u3054\u308d\u3001National Academies Press\u306e\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u306f\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u3063\u3066www.nap.edu\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u96fb\u5b50\u7248\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u304c\u305d\u3053\u306b\u898b\u3064\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u5f53\u7136\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001Internet Archive\u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3067\u7121\u6599\u516c\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u540d\u306f\u300c\u5730\u7403\u5927\u6c17\u958b\u767a\u8a08\u753b\u300d\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u76f4\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5168\u7403\u5927\u6c17\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u753b\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044)\u306f\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u304a\u3053\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305fICSU\u3068WMO\u306e\u5171\u540c\u4e8b\u696d\u3060\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u306f\u591a\u7a2e\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001ICSU\u3068WMO\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u904b\u55b6\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u304c\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u3001\u307e\u305f\u5404\u56fd\u306eICSU\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u3059\u308b\u6a5f\u95a2(\u65e5\u672c\u306a\u3089\u3070\u5b66\u8853\u4f1a\u8b70\u3001USA\u306a\u3089\u3070NAS)\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u56fd\u5185\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u304c\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3001\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3084\u8abf\u6574\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002GARP\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6642\u9593\u898f\u6a21\u6570\u65e5\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5148\u306b\u52d5\u304d\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6c17\u5019\u3082\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u306f\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5929\u6c17\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u5b9f\u5730\u306b\u9032\u3080\u306e\u3068\u4e26\u884c\u3057\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u306f\u3001GARP\u306b\u7d9a\u3044\u30661980\u5e74\u4ee3\u304b\u3089\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308bWCRP (\u4e16\u754c\u6c17\u5019\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u753b)\u306e\u7acb\u6848\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u3063\u305f\u3002(\u305f\u3060\u3057\u82f1\u8a9e\u306eclimate\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u5929\u5019\u300d\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6ce8\u610f\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3002WCRP\u3067\u6700\u521d\u306b\u52d5\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f\u30a8\u30eb\u30cb\u30fc\u30cb\u30e7\u30fb\u5357\u65b9\u632f\u52d5\u3092\u542b\u3080\u5929\u5019\u5e74\u3005\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u6642\u306eUSA\u306eGARP\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u306e\u9854\u3076\u308c\u3082\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u59d4\u54e1\u9577\u304cVerner E. Suomi\u3067\u672c\u66f8\u306eForword\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3060\u3051\u3075\u308c\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u305f\u306e\u306fPanel on Climatic Variation\u3067\u3001\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u306f\u3001W. Lawrence <strong>Gates<\/strong>, Yale <strong>Mintz<\/strong>, Wallace S. <strong>Broecker<\/strong>,  Kirk <strong>Bryan<\/strong>, Jule G. <strong>Charney<\/strong>, George H. <strong>Denton<\/strong>, Harold C. <strong>Fritts<\/strong>, John <strong>Imbrie<\/strong>, Robert <strong>Jastrow<\/strong>, Edward N. <strong>Lorenz<\/strong>, Syukuro <strong>Manabe<\/strong>, J. Murray <strong>Mitchell<\/strong> Jr., Jerome <strong>Namias<\/strong>, Henry <strong>Stommel<\/strong>, Warren M. <strong>Washington<\/strong>, \u305d\u308c\u306bconsultants \u3068\u3057\u3066John E. <strong>Kutzbach<\/strong>, Cecil E. <strong>Leith<\/strong>, Abraham H. <strong>Oort<\/strong>, Richard C. J. <strong>Somerville<\/strong>\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3046\u3061Gates\u3068Mintz\u304cco-chair\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001Washington\u306e\u81ea\u4f1d (2008, \u7b2c7\u7ae0 53\u30da\u30fc\u30b8)\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f&#8221;Larry&#8221; Gates\u3067\u3001\u5f7c\u304c\u539f\u7a3f\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u5404\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3092\u307e\u308f\u3063\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u4e86\u89e3\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u3067\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed8\u9332A\u3068\u3057\u3066\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u304a\u3082\u306b\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u8005Imbrie\u3001\u5e74\u8f2a\u7814\u7a76\u8005Fritts\u3001\u96ea\u6c37\u5b66\u8005Denton\u3001\u540c\u4f4d\u4f53\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u8005Broecker\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u306e\u306b\u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u5e74\u4ee3\u6c7a\u5b9a\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4e16\u754c\u5168\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6642\u9593\u898f\u6a21\u3054\u3068\u306b\u3069\u306e\u304f\u3089\u3044\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u77e5\u898b\u3092\u8981\u9818\u3088\u304f\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30021983\u5e74\u306e\u771f\u934b\u6dd1\u90ce\u3055\u3093\u306e\u8b1b\u7fa9\u306e\u3001\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u8a71\u306e\u5e8f\u8ad6\u3067\u53e4\u6c17\u5019\u3068\u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u3082\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4ed8\u9332\u306b\u305d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u30014\u3064\u306e\u6642\u9593\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306e\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u56f3(\u56f3A.14\u3001159\u30da\u30fc\u30b8)\u306f(\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u77e5\u898b\u304c\u9650\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u30674\u3064\u306e\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u306b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u6570\u306f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c)\u3001IPCC\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u306b\u985e\u4f3c\u306e\u3084\u3084\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u56f3\u304c\u51fa\u308b\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u8aac\u3084\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u985e\u306b\u3088\u304f\u5f15\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u307b\u304b\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u30011980\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f53\u6642\u3001\u307e\u3055\u306b\u9032\u884c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u5c06\u6765\u306e\u4e88\u5b9a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3042\u3063\u305f\u308f\u3051\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6587\u732e\u3092\u8aad\u3081\u3070\u3053\u308c\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u5fc5\u8981\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3001\u3066\u3044\u306d\u3044\u306b\u8aad\u307e\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90e8\u4f1a\u306e\u30e1\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u306f\u307f\u3093\u306a\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u3060\u3002\u56fd\u304c\u7d4c\u8cbb\u3092\u652f\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u4e8b\u696d\u3092\u63d0\u6848\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u610f\u7fa9\u3092\u8b70\u8ad6\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4e88\u6e2c\u80fd\u529b\u304c\u9ad8\u307e\u308c\u3070\u707d\u5bb3\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u305b\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u4e3b\u5f35\u307e\u3067\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5fdc\u7528\u306e\u8a08\u753b\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u305d\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3057\u305f\u308a\u306f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044(\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u8aad\u307f\u843d\u3068\u3057\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; &#8211; &#8211;<\/p>\n<p>\u3055\u3066\u3001\u4eca\u56de(2015\u5e741\u6708)\u306b\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3067\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u6539\u5909\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u60f3\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7b2c2\u6b21\u5927\u6226\u5f8c\u65e9\u3044\u6642\u671f\u306b\u6c17\u5019\u306econtrol\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee3\u306bmodification\u3001\u6700\u8fd1\u306fengineering\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3070\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001PDF\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u4e2d\u3067\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5358\u8a9e(\u306e\u8a9e\u5e79)\u3092\u691c\u7d22\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u524d\u5f8c\u304b\u3089\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u3068\u3063\u305f\u3002Control\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9(\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u96ea\u6c37\u304c\u5730\u8868\u9762\u71b1\u53ce\u652f\u3092control\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306a)\u304b\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u54c1\u8cea\u7ba1\u7406\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002Engineering\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u540d\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u306f\u305a\u308c\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30e1\u30e2\u3092\u3068\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u6539\u5909\u306b\u8a00\u53ca\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\u6b21\u306e3\u304b\u6240\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c1\u7ae0(\u5e8f\u8ad6)\u30015\u30da\u30fc\u30b8 (Future Efforts and Resources\u306e\u7bc0\u3001Research Approaches\u306e\u5c0f\u7bc0)\u3002<br \/>\nSince our fundamental goal is to increase our understanding of climatic variations to the point where we may predict (and possibly even control) them, we must subject our ideas to quantitative test wherever possible.<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c6\u7ae0(A National Climatic Research Program)\u300191\u30da\u30fc\u30b8 (The Research Program\u306e\u7bc0\u3001Needed Applications of Climatic Studies\u306e\u5c0f\u7bc0\u3001Exploration of Possible Future Climates\u306e\u9805\u76ee)<br \/>\nThis, together with the knowledge gained from the observational and research portions of the program outlined above, will lay the scientific foundation for what might be called climate engineering.<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c6\u7ae0(\u540c)\u3001105\u30da\u30fc\u30b8 (The Plan\u306e\u7bc0\u3001Timetable and Priorities within the Program\u306e\u5c0f\u7bc0\u3001The Long-Term Phase (1980 &#8211; 2000)\u306e\u9805\u76ee)<br \/>\nAlthough priorities cannot be set at such long range, the eventual practical payoffs of this program will be the determination of the degree to which climatic variation on seasonal, annual, decadal, and longer times scales may be predicted and the degree to which they may be controlled by man.<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u306econtrol\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306fengineering\u306f\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8efd\u304f\u6271\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u304b\u3063\u3066\u306a\u63a8\u6e2c\u3060\u304c\u3001\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u59d4\u54e1\u306e\u3046\u3061\u5c11\u4eba\u6570\u304c\u3053\u308c\u3092\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u5c11\u4eba\u6570\u304c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3053\u306e\u5f62\u306a\u3089\u3070\u5bb9\u8a8d\u3057\u3001\u5927\u591a\u6570\u306f\u7121\u95a2\u5fc3\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Warren M. <strong>Washington<\/strong> (ed. Mary C. <strong>Washington<\/strong>), 2006, second edition 2008: <em>Odessey in Climate Modeling, Global Warming, and Advising Five Presidents<\/em>. Lulu.com, 279 pp. ISBN 978-1-4303-1696-1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\nU.S. Comittee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program \/iii [\u540d\u7c3f]<br \/>\nPanel on Climatic Variation \/iv [\u540d\u7c3f]<br \/>\nForeword \/v-vii by <em>Verner E. Suomi<\/em>, Chairman, U.S. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program<br \/>\nPreface \/ix-xii by <em>W. Lawrence Gates<\/em> &amp; <em>Yale Mintz<\/em>, Co-Chairmen, Panel on Climatic Variation<br \/>\nContents \/xiii-xv<br \/>\n<strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><br \/>\nLimits of Our Present Knowledge \/ 2<br \/>\n&#8211; Need for Data<br \/>\n&#8211; Need for Understanding<br \/>\n&#8211; Need for Assessment<br \/>\nFuture Efforts and Resources \/ 5<br \/>\n&#8211; Research Approaches<br \/>\n&#8211; The Question of Priorities<br \/>\nPurposes and Contents of This Report \/ 7<br \/>\n<strong>2. Summary of Principal Conclusions and Recommendations<\/strong> \/9<br \/>\n<strong>3. Physical Basis of Climate and Climatic Change<\/strong> \/13<br \/>\nClimatic System \/ 13<br \/>\n&#8211; Components of the System<br \/>\n&#8211; Physical Processes of Climate<br \/>\n&#8211; Definitions<br \/>\nCauses of Climatic Change \/ 20<br \/>\n&#8211; Climatic Boundary Conditions<br \/>\n&#8211; Climatic Change Processes and Feedback Mechanisms<br \/>\n&#8211; Climatic Noise<br \/>\nRole of the Oceans in Climatic Change \/ 25<br \/>\n&#8211; Physical Processes in the Ocean<br \/>\n&#8211; Modeling the Oceanic Circulation<br \/>\nSimulation and Predictability of Climatic Variation \/ 28<br \/>\n&#8211; Climate Modeling Problem<br \/>\n&#8211; Predictability and the Question of Transitivity<br \/>\n&#8211; Long-Range or Climatic Forecasting<br \/>\n<strong>4. Past Climatic Variations and the Projection of Future Climates<\/strong> \/35<br \/>\nImportance of Studies of Past Climates \/ 35<br \/>\nRecord of Instrumentally Observed Climatic Changes \/ 36<br \/>\nHistorical and Paleoclimatic Record \/ 37<br \/>\n&#8211; Nature of the Evidence<br \/>\n&#8211; Summary of Paleoclimatic History<br \/>\nInference of Future Climates from Past Behavior \/ 40<br \/>\n&#8211; Natural Climatic Variations<br \/>\n&#8211; Man&#8217;s Impact on Climate<br \/>\n<strong>5. Scope of Present Research on Climatic Variation<\/strong> \/46<br \/>\nClimatic Data Collection and Analysis \/ 46<br \/>\n&#8211; Atmospheric Observations<br \/>\n&#8211; Oceanic and Other Observations<br \/>\n&#8211; Observational Field Programs<br \/>\nStudies of Climate from Historical Sources \/ 49<br \/>\nStudies of Climate from Proxy Sources \/ 50<br \/>\n&#8211; General Syntheses<br \/>\n&#8211; Chronology<br \/>\n&#8211; Monitoring Techniques<br \/>\n&#8211; Proxy Data Records and Their Climatic Inferences<br \/>\n&#8211; Institutional Programs<br \/>\nPhysical Mechanisms of Climatic Change \/ 54<br \/>\n&#8211; Physical Theories and Feedback Mechanisms<br \/>\n&#8211; Diagnostic and Empirical Studies<br \/>\n&#8211; Predictability and Related Theoretical Studies<br \/>\nNumerical Modeling of Climate and Climatic Variation \/ 56<br \/>\n&#8211; Atmospheric General Circulation Models and Related Studies<br \/>\n&#8211; Statistical-Dynamical Models and Parameterization Studies<br \/>\n&#8211; Oceanic General Circulation Models<br \/>\n&#8211; Coupled General Circulation Models<br \/>\nApplications of Climate Models \/ 59<br \/>\n&#8211; Simulation of Past Climates<br \/>\n&#8211; Climate Change Experiments and Sensitivity Studies<br \/>\n&#8211; Studies of the Mutual Impacts of Climate and Man<br \/>\n<strong>6. A National Climatic Research Program<\/strong> \/62<br \/>\nThe Approach \/ 63<br \/>\n&#8211; What Climatic Events and Processes Can We Now Identify?<br \/>\n&#8211; Why Is a Program Necessary?<br \/>\nThe Research Program (NCRP) \/ 66<br \/>\n&#8211; Data Needed for Climatic Research<br \/>\n&#8211; Research Needed on Climatic Variation<br \/>\n&#8211; Needed Applications of Climatic Studies<br \/>\nThe Plan \/ 94<br \/>\n&#8211; Subprogram Identification<br \/>\n&#8211; Facilities and Support<br \/>\n&#8211; Timetable and Priorities within the Program<br \/>\n&#8211; Administration and Coordination<br \/>\nA Coordinated International Climatic Research Program (ICRP) \/ 105<br \/>\n&#8211; Program Motivation and Structure<br \/>\n&#8211; Program Elements; Program Support<br \/>\n<strong>References<\/strong> \/ 111<br \/>\n<strong>Appendix A: Survey of Past Climates<\/strong> \/ 127<br \/>\nIntroduction \/ 127<br \/>\n&#8211; Nature of Paleoclimatic Evidence<br \/>\n&#8211; Instrumental and Historical Methods of Climate Reconstruction<br \/>\n&#8211; Biological and Geological Methods of Climate Reconstruction<br \/>\n&#8211; Regularities in Climatic Series<br \/>\nChronology of Global Climate \/ 148<br \/>\n&#8211; Period of Instrumental Observations<br \/>\n&#8211; The Last 1000 Years<br \/>\n&#8211; The Last 5000 Years<br \/>\n&#8211; The Last 25,000 Years<br \/>\n&#8211; The Last 150,000 Years<br \/>\n&#8211; The Last 1,000,000 Years<br \/>\n&#8211; The Last 100,000,000 Years<br \/>\n&#8211; The Last 1,000,000,000 Years<br \/>\nGeographic Patterns of Climatic Change \/ 163<br \/>\n&#8211; Structure Revealed by Observational Data<br \/>\n&#8211; Structure Revealed by Paleoclimatography<br \/>\nSummary of the Climatic Record \/ 179<br \/>\nFuture Climate : Some Inferences from Past Behavior \/ 182<br \/>\n&#8211; Potential Contribution of Sinusoidal Fluctuations of Various Time Scales to the Rate of Change of Present-Day Climate<br \/>\n&#8211; Likelihood of a Major Deterioration of Global Climate in the Years Ahead<br \/>\nReferences \/ 190<br \/>\n<strong>Appendix B: Survey of the Climate Simulation Capability of Global Circulation Models<\/strong> \/ 196<br \/>\nIntroduction \/ 196<br \/>\nDevelopment and Uses of Numerical Modeling \/ 198<br \/>\nAtmospheric General Circulation Models \/ 201<br \/>\n&#8211; Formulation<br \/>\n&#8211; Solution Methods<br \/>\n&#8211; Selected Climatic Simulations<br \/>\nOceanic and Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models \/ 218<br \/>\n&#8211; Formulation<br \/>\n&#8211; Solution Methods<br \/>\n&#8211; Selected Climatic Simulations<br \/>\n&#8211; Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models<br \/>\nReferences \/ 236<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>U.S. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program, 1975: Understanding Climatic Change: A Program for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5030","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5030"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5030\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8412,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5030\/revisions\/8412"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5030"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}