{"id":5026,"date":"2015-01-23T02:55:32","date_gmt":"2015-01-22T17:55:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5026"},"modified":"2017-12-31T13:41:01","modified_gmt":"2017-12-31T04:41:01","slug":"donner-schubert-somerville-2011-the-development-of-atmospheric-general-circulation-model-%e3%83%a1%e3%83%a22","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=5026","title":{"rendered":"Donner, Schubert &amp; Somerville (2011) The Development of Atmospheric General Circulation Models [\u30e1\u30e22]"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Leo DONNER, Wayne SCHUBERT &#038; Richard SOMERVILLE eds., 2011: <i>The Development of Atmospheric General Circulation Models: Complexity, Synthesis and Computation<\/i>. Cambridge University Press, 255 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-19006-0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2011-06-14\u306b<a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=1057\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u672c\u3002\u305d\u3053\u306b\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u304f\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4eca\u56de\u306f\u3001\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3068\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c3\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)\u306e\u5927\u5faa\u74b0\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb(GCM)\u958b\u767a\u306e\u7b2c1\u4e16\u4ee3\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7b20\u539f \u5f70\u3068Warren Washington\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u5927\u5faa\u74b0\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u304b\u3089\u73fe\u5728\u307e\u3067\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3068\u3044\u304f\u3089\u304b\u306e\u5c06\u6765\u5c55\u671b\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u6c17\u5927\u5faa\u74b0\u306f\u30011946\u5e74\u304b\u3089Institute of Advanced Study\u3067\u304a\u3053\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305fMeteorology Project\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u3082\u526f\u6b21\u7684\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u4e3b\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3059\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u306f\u30011955\u5e74(\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u7fcc\u5e74?)\u306b\u3067\u304d\u305f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u6c17\u8c61\u5e81(Weather Bureau)\u306e\u4e0b\u306eGeneral Circulation Research Section (GCRS)\u304c\u6700\u521d\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u306e\u3061\u306bNOAA\u306eGeophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL)\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002Pfeffer \u7de8 (1960) <em>Dynamics of Climate<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=4964\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u3082GCRS\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u76f4\u524d\u306b\u958b\u304b\u308c\u305f\u4f1a\u8b70\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5c11\u3057\u53e4\u3044\u6587\u66f8\u304cGFDL\u304b\u3089\u6398\u308a\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u308c\u3001\u4ed8\u9332\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53ce\u9332\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30021955\u5e747\u670829\u65e5\u306bvon Neumann\u304c\u66f8\u3044\u3066(\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u6253\u305f\u305b)\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306bWexler (\u6b21\u306e\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b)\u304c\u624b\u66f8\u304d\u3067\u66f8\u304d\u3053\u3093\u3060\u3001<em>Dynamics of the General Circulation<\/em>\u3068\u3044\u3046Draft\u3060\u3002GCRS\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u8cc7\u91d1\u6e90\u3068\u306a\u308a\u305d\u3046\u306a\u6a5f\u95a2\u306b\u63d0\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u8a08\u753b\u63d0\u6848\u66f8\u306e\u4e0b\u66f8\u304d\u306b\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u63d0\u6848\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u958b\u767a\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001Pfeffer\u7de8\u306e\u672c\u306b\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u5171\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u3068\u304f\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u3092\u78ba\u4fdd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u91cd\u70b9\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5927\u5faa\u74b0\u306e\u6570\u5024\u5b9f\u9a13\u306f\u6570\u5024\u4e88\u5831\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5927\u91cf\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001(\u307e\u3060\u5c02\u7528\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u307b\u3069\u5f37\u3044\u4e3b\u5f35\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067) \u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u8ecd\u3067\u306a\u3044\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u4e8b\u696d\u3067\u6642\u9593\u501f\u308a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u3001Washington DC\u90ca\u5916\u306eSuitland\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305fIBM 701 (IBM\u793e\u304c\u6240\u6709\u3057\u3066\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u8cb8\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3044)\u3092\u305c\u3072\u4f7f\u3044\u305f\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u3001GCM\u306e\u767a\u9054\u3092\u305f\u3069\u308b\u30021980\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5927\u7b4b\u306f\u3001GFDL, UCLA, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, NCAR\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001Paul Edwards\u306b\u3088\u308b\u307e\u3068\u3081 ( http:\/\/pne.people.si.umich.edu\/sloan\/mainpage.html [2017-12-31 URL\u4fee\u6b63]\u3001Edwards\u306e<em>A Vast Machine<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/reading\/edwards_vast_machine.html\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8]<\/a>\u306b\u3082\u53ce\u9332\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u3068\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3044\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u5206\u91ce\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u304c\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3084\u3084\u5c02\u9580\u7684\u8a18\u8ff0\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30021980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306f\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6a5f\u95a2\u306b\u3072\u308d\u304c\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u5168\u90e8\u3092\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u305a\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e\u540d\u307e\u3048\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u306f\u3042\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u5927\u5faa\u74b0\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u3001\u9678\u9762\u6c34\u6587\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6c17\u5019\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7403\u5316\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u3092\u542b\u3080\u5730\u7403\u74b0\u5883\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001\u308f\u308a\u3042\u3044\u7c21\u5358\u306a\u56f3\u5f0f\u3067\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57f7\u7b46\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u8fd1\u5e74\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u3068\u5c06\u6765\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3067\u3001\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u306e\u306f\u3001\u7b20\u539f\u6c0f\u304c\u3068\u304f\u306b\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b(2010\u5e74\u306b<em>Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans<\/em>\u306b\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u305f) \u529b\u5b66\u306e\u57fa\u790e\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306e\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5316\u3060\u3002\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u5927\u5faa\u74b0\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30ea\u30aa\u30ea\u52b9\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5730\u7403\u306e\u81ea\u8ee2\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u5834\u6240\u306e\u925b\u76f4\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u8ef8\u306e\u307e\u308f\u308a\u306e\u6210\u5206\u3060\u3051\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3052\u3001\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u8ef8\u306e\u307e\u308f\u308a\u306e\u6210\u5206\u3092\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3001\u5168\u7403\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3067\u3082\u6c34\u5e73\u7a7a\u9593\u898f\u6a21\u304c\u6570km\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u307e\u3067\u8a08\u7b97\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3092\u3084\u3081\u3066\u7cbe\u5bc6\u306a\u5f0f\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u305d\u3046\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001\u6c34\u5e73\u306e\u7d30\u304b\u3044\u683c\u5b50\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308bNICAM\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u540d\u307e\u3048\u306f\u51fa\u3066\u3053\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u3064\u304f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u540d\u307e\u3048\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306fFRCGC\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f2009\u5e743\u6708\u307e\u3067\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u540d\u3067\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306f\u6539\u7d44\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u539f\u7a3f\u306f\u305d\u306e\u524d\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c4\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001<em>Fixing the Sky<\/em> (<em>\u6c17\u8c61\u3092\u64cd\u4f5c\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3068\u9858\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u6b74\u53f2<\/em>) <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=1848\">[\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\u306e\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=2664\">[\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248\u306e\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>\u306e\u8457\u8005\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6Fleming\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3001\u6570\u5024\u4e88\u5831\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f79\u5272\u3092\u679c\u305f\u3057\u305fHarry Wexler (1911&#8211;1962)\u306f\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u6539\u5909\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u6700\u521d\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wexler\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u6c17\u8c61\u5e81(Weather Bureau)\u306b\u3064\u3068\u3081\u30011946\u5e74\u306b\u7a7a\u8ecd\u3078\u306e\u51fa\u5411\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3069\u3063\u3066\u304b\u30891962\u5e74\u306b\u4ea1\u304f\u306a\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u5e81\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u958b\u767a\u696d\u52d9\u3092\u3072\u304d\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f(\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8868\u73fe\u3067\u306fHead of Research\u3060\u304c\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u8077\u540d\u304b\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u306a\u304a1946\u5e74\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u8077\u540d\u306fchief of the Special Scientific Services division\u3068\u3042\u308b)\u3002Wexler\u304cInstitute of Advanced Study (IAS)\u306evon Neumann\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u3059\u308bMeteorology Project\u306e\u4f01\u753b\u306b\u6df1\u304f\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001Harper (2008) <em>Weather by the Numbers<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/ja\/reading\/harper_weather.html\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8]<\/a>\u306b\u3082\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002Wexler\u306f\u3053\u306e\u307b\u304b\u306b\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u89b3\u6e2c\u3078\u306e\u30ec\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u3084\u98db\u884c\u6a5f\u3084\u30ed\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u3084\u885b\u661f\u306e\u5229\u7528\u3092\u63a8\u9032\u3057\u3001World Weather Watch\u306e\u4f01\u753b\u306e\u521d\u671f\u306b\u30bd\u9023\u306eV.A. Bugaev\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002Wexler\u306e\u6b8b\u3057\u305f\u6587\u66f8\u304c\u3001Library of Congress (LC)\u306eManuscript Division\u306b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001Fleming\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u305d\u3053\u3067\u898b\u3064\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304c\u3001<em>On the possibilities of climate control<\/em>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001Wexler\u304c1962\u5e74\u306b\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5834\u6240\u3067\u8b1b\u6f14\u3057\u305f\u539f\u7a3f\u3067\u3001Fleming\u306f\u3053\u308c\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Fleming\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u539f\u7a3f\u304b\u3089\u3082\u53c2\u7167\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b1945\u5e74\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306b\u3082\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001RCA (Radio Corporation of America)\u793e\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u306b\u3044\u305fVladimir K. Zworykin\u306b\u3088\u308b1945\u5e7410\u6708\u3065\u3051\u306e\u3001<em>Outline of Weather Proposal<\/em>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u6253\u3061\u3060\u304c\u8868\u7d19\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6587\u66f8\u3060\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3082LC\u306eWexler\u6587\u66f8\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3001Fleming\u306f\u305d\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u8907\u88fd\u3057\u30662008\u5e74\u306b\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u96d1\u8a8c<em>History of Meteorology<\/em> <strong>4<\/strong>:57-78\u306b\u53ce\u9332\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002(\u96d1\u8a8c\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8<a href=\"http:\/\/meteohistory.org\/scholarship\/history-of-meteorology\/\">http:\/\/meteohistory.org\/scholarship\/history-of-meteorology\/<\/a> \u3001\u3053\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306e\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306f http:\/\/www.meteohistory.org\/2008historyofmeteorology4\/4zworykin.pdf )\u3002Zworykin\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306b\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308bvon Neumann\u306e\u624b\u7d19\u3068\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u5b66\u8005\u3067\u5f53\u6642\u9678\u8ecd\u306b\u3044\u305fAthelstan Spilhaus\u306e\u624b\u7d19\u304c\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Zworykin\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u5b9f\u73fe\u3057\u305fIAS\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3068\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3044\u540c\u3058\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001  \u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u306e\u9769\u65b0\u306e\u3055\u304d\u306b\u3001effective weather control\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u671f\u5f85\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u6d77\u4e0a\u306b\u6cb9\u3092\u307e\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5d50(\u30cf\u30ea\u30b1\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3089\u3057\u3044)\u306e\u767a\u9054\u3092\u304a\u3055\u3048\u305f\u308a\u5411\u304d\u3092\u5909\u3048\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3055\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001 \u6c17\u5019\u306e\u6539\u5909\u3082\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u690d\u751f\u3001\u7802\u6f20\u3001\u6c37\u6cb3\u3001\u5c71\u5cb3\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5730\u7406\u306e\u6539\u5909\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u5730\u8868\u9762\u88ab\u8986\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u71b1\u53ce\u652f\u3084\u6c34\u53ce\u652f\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002Zworykin\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u6539\u5909\u304c\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u5e73\u548c\u3068\u7e41\u6804\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>von Neumann\u3082\u3053\u308c\u306b\u8cdb\u540c\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u307f\u308b\u3068\u3001weather\u306e\u5236\u5fa1\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u8cdb\u540c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001climate\u3092\u542b\u3080\u306e\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306f\u4e0d\u78ba\u304b\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001Fleming\u306f&#8221;All stable processes we shall predict. All unstable processes we shall control.&#8221; \u3092 von Neumann&#8217;s overall agenda and philosophy \u3092\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3070\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u51fa\u5178\u3092 Zworykin 1945 \u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306b\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6587\u306f\u898b\u3042\u305f\u3089\u306a\u3044(\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u306ePDF\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306f\u6587\u5b57\u691c\u7d22\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3001von Neumann\u306e\u624b\u7d19\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3053\u306e\u6587\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001Zworykin\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306f\u898b\u843d\u3068\u3057\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044)\u3002Spilhaus\u3082\u8cdb\u540c\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306fweather control\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wexler\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6587\u66f8\u3065\u304f\u308a\u306b\u306f\u95a2\u4e0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u540c\u3058\u5e74\u306bMauchly\u306b\u4f1a\u3063\u3066\u5929\u6c17\u4e88\u5831\u306b\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u3092\u5fdc\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u3048\u59cb\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u30661946\u5e74\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u6c17\u8c61\u5e81\u306e\u62c5\u5f53\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u30021946\u5e745\u6708\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305fIAS\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u753b\u63d0\u6848\u66f8\u306b &#8220;the first step towards influencing the weather by rational, human intervention&#8221; \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3070\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305fWexler\u306f\u3001Zworykin\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u3092\u822a\u7a7a\u306a\u3069\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u5b98\u5e81\u306e\u4eba\u3084\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u898b\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u306b\u6cb9\u3092\u307e\u3044\u3066\u30cf\u30ea\u30b1\u30fc\u30f3\u3092\u6291\u5236\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u60f3\u306b\u71b1\u5e2f\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u8cdb\u540c\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30e1\u30e2\u304c\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u3053\u308d\u3001\u4e16\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u539f\u5b50\u7206\u5f3e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5357\u6975\u6c37\u5e8a\u3092\u3053\u308f\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u6d77\u6d41\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u3092\u5909\u3048\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u3092\u6539\u9020\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u60f3\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u3044\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001General Electric\u793e\u3067\u3001\u30c9\u30e9\u30a4\u30a2\u30a4\u30b9\u3084\u30e8\u30a6\u5316\u9280\u306b\u3088\u308b\u96f2\u306e\u305f\u306d\u307e\u304d\u5b9f\u9a13\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3001Langmuir\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6280\u8853\u306b\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u52b9\u7528\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068(\u3042\u3068\u77e5\u6075\u3067\u8a00\u3048\u3070\u81ea\u4fe1\u904e\u5270\u306b)\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305fKenney\u5c06\u8ecd\u306f\u964d\u6c34\u304c\u3044\u3064\u3069\u3053\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u304b\u3092control\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u56fd\u304c\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u8987\u6a29\u3092\u306b\u304e\u308b\u3068\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wexler\u306f\u3001\u7a7a\u8ecd\u51fa\u5411\u4e2d\u306e1945\u5e747\u6708\u306eTrinity\u6838\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u6c17\u5727\u6ce2\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u304b\u308f\u304d\u308a\u306b\u3001\u6838\u5b9f\u9a13\u3084\u539f\u5b50\u529b\u5b89\u5168\u3068\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6838\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u3078\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u304c\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u306e\u3067\u9577\u671f\u7684\u52b9\u679c\u306f\u7121\u8996\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u964d\u4e0b\u7269\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u3078\u306e\u5fc3\u914d\u3068\u3001(\u5357\u6975\u306b\u3082\u9054\u3059\u308b)\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u4e21\u9762\u3067\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u3082\u3063\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001dust bowl\u306e\u5875\u306e\u96f2\u3001\u30b9\u30e2\u30c3\u30b0\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u706b\u707d\u306e\u7159\u3001\u706b\u5c71\u5674\u706b\u306e\u30a8\u30fc\u30ed\u30be\u30eb\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u904b\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3084\u3001\u65e5\u5c04\u3092\u3055\u3048\u304e\u308b\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u305f\u30021952\u5e74\u306b\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f1a\u3067\u3001 \u6c17\u5019\u5909\u5316\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5730\u7403\u653e\u5c04\u53ce\u652f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5909\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u8981\u56e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20(Callendar\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066)\u3068\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30d9\u30c9\u306e\u5909\u5316(\u305d\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u306f\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u3042\u308b\u304c)\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3057\u305f\u30021954-56\u5e74\u306b\u306fGilbert Plass (1920-2004) \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u9032\u307f\u3001Wexler\u306e\u4f01\u753b\u30fb\u8abf\u6574\u306e\u50cd\u304d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001GCRS\u3067\u306e\u5927\u5faa\u74b0\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3053\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u304c\u3068\u308a\u3044\u308c\u3089\u308c\u3001\u307e\u305f\u56fd\u969b\u5730\u7403\u89b3\u6e2c\u5e74(IGY, 1957-58\u5e74)\u306b\u9593\u306b\u5408\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306bMauna Loa\u3067\u306eCO2 (\u304a\u3088\u3073\u653e\u5c04\u3001\u30aa\u30be\u30f3)\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wexler\u304c\u6c17\u5019\u6539\u5909\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306f\u3001\u307e\u305a\u30011958\u5e74\u306b<em>Science<\/em> <strong>128<\/strong>:1059-1063\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u300c\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u6c17\u8c61\u6539\u5909\u300d\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7802\u6f20\u3084\u6c37\u5e8a\u3092\u9ed2\u304f\u3057\u3066\u30a2\u30eb\u30d9\u30c9\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u6c34\u7d20\u7206\u5f3e\u3092\u7206\u767a\u3055\u305b\u3001\u5317\u6975\u6d77\u306b\u539a\u3044\u96f2\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308a\u3001\u6d77\u6c37\u3092\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046Edward Teller\u306e\u6848\u3001\u30d9\u30fc\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u6d77\u5ce1\u3092\u305b\u304d\u3068\u3081\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u6c34\u3092\u5165\u308c\u3066\u5317\u6975\u6d77\u3092\u6696\u304b\u304f\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30bd\u9023\u306eP.M. Bolisov\u306e\u6848\u306a\u3069\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u671f\u5f85\u3069\u304a\u308a\u306b\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u304b\u3048\u3063\u3066\u6709\u5bb3\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u3084\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e88\u6e2c\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3053\u3068\u304c\u307e\u3059\u307e\u3059\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1962\u5e74\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u5236\u5fa1\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8b1b\u6f14\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u306e\u6539\u5909\u3092\u7d9a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u6c17\u5019\u3082\u5909\u308f\u308b\u306e\u3067\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306f\u5207\u308a\u96e2\u305b\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u3068\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u4eba\u5de5\u964d\u96e8\u306a\u3069\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u554f\u984c\u306b\u305b\u305a\u3001\u5730\u7403\u306e\u71b1\u53ce\u652f\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6c17\u5019\u6539\u5909\u3092\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u7834\u58ca\u3092\u3082\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u306e\u71b1\u53ce\u652f\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u306e\u3067\u6c17\u5019\u6539\u5909\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3068\u898b\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30ed\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u6392\u6c17\u304c\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u7834\u58ca\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u3002\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001(a)\u9ad8\u7def\u5ea6\u3067\u6c34\u7d20\u7206\u5f3e\u3092\u7206\u767a\u3055\u305b\u6c37\u306e\u96f2\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308a\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u3092\u4e0a\u3052\u308b(Teller\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3001\u65e2\u51fa)\u3001(b)\u8d64\u9053\u307e\u308f\u308a\u306e\u8ecc\u9053\u306b\u5875\u306e\u8f2a\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308a\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u3092\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\u3001(c)\u6c34\u84b8\u6c17\u304b\u4f55\u304b\u3092\u8ffd\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u5927\u6c17\u4e0b\u5c64\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u3092\u4e0a\u3052\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u3092\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\u3001(d)\u5869\u7d20\u3084\u81ed\u7d20\u306e\u89e6\u5a92\u3092\u5165\u308c\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u306e\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b(\u570f\u754c\u9762\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u308a\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u304c\u4e0b\u304c\u308b)\u3001\u306a\u3069\u306e\u69cb\u60f3\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e(d)\u306f\u30011934\u5e74\u306bSydney Chapman\u304c\u7d2b\u5916\u7dda\u5929\u6587\u89b3\u6e2c\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u5c64\u306b\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u306b\u3042\u306a\u3092\u3042\u3051\u305f\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u3067\u8003\u3048\u305f\u69cb\u60f3\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u6575\u56fd\u4e0a\u7a7a\u306e\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5229\u7528\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066Wexler\u306fOliver Wulf (Caltech)\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u305f\u89e6\u5a92\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3067\u81ed\u7d20 0.1\u30e1\u30ac\u30c8\u30f3\u3067\u6975\u57df\u306e\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u3092\u5168\u90e8\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u3068\u898b\u7a4d\u3082\u308a\u3001Manabe &#038; M&ouml;ller (1961)\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u309280\u2103\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u898b\u7a4d\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u305f\u3044\u3078\u3093\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3046\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3057\u304b\u3057Wexler\u306f\u3053\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u8ad6\u6587\u306b\u3059\u308b\u306b\u81f3\u3089\u306a\u3044\u307e\u307e8\u670811\u65e5\u306b\u5fc3\u81d3\u767a\u4f5c\u3067\u4ea1\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7d0410\u5e74\u5f8c\u306b\u8d85\u97f3\u901f\u65c5\u5ba2\u6a5f\u306e\u6392\u6c17\u304c\u30aa\u30be\u30f3\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3001\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u30af\u30ed\u30ed\u30d5\u30eb\u30aa\u30ed\u30ab\u30fc\u30dc\u30f3\u304c\u554f\u984c\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001Wexler\u306e\u5148\u99c6\u7684\u306a\u4ed5\u4e8b\u306fFleming\u304c\u8cc7\u6599\u3092\u6398\u308a\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u307e\u3067\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n[Contents v]<br \/>\nContributors ix<br \/>\nForeword (Isaac M. Held) xi<br \/>\n1. Introduction (<em>Donner, Schubert &#038; Somerville<\/em>) 1<br \/>\nAcknowledgments 2<br \/>\n2. From Richardson to early numerical weather prediction (<em>Peter Lynch<\/em>) 3<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.1 Pioneers of scientific forecasting<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.2 Pre-computer forecasting<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.3 Key developments, 1920-1950<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.4 The ENIAC integrations<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.5 Advancing computer technology<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.6 Climate modeling<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.7 Uncertainty and probability<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.8 Dreams fulfilled<br \/>\n3. The evolution and future research goals for general circulation models (<em>Warren M. Washington and Akira Kasahara<\/em>) 18<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.2 Evolution fo general circulation modeling efforts<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.1 GFDL models<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.2 UCLA Mintz-Arakawa model<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.3 The Livermore atmospheric model (LAM)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.4 NCAR models<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.5 World-wide proliferation of GCM activities<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.6 Timeline of climate model development<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.3 Future goals for climate and Earth system modeling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.3.1 Evolution of dynamical core for cliamte and Earth system modeling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.3.2 Goals for improving physical processes in climate and Earth system models<br \/>\n &#8211; Appendix: Letter from John von Neumann, with handwritten comments from Harry Wexler in square brackets<br \/>\n4. Beyond prediction to climate modeling and climate control: New perspectives from the papers of Harry Wexler, 1945-1962 (<em>James Rodger Fleming<\/em>) 51<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.1 On the possibilities of climate control<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.2 Computers and meteorology, 1945-1946<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.3 Fantasies of control<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.4 Computers and meteorology, 1947-1948<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.5 Wexler&#8217;s key contributions in other areas<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.6 Climate change and the general circulation<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.7 Gilbert Plass and CO2 modeling<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.8 Harry Wexler&#8217;s article and final lectures on climate control<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.9 Conclusion<br \/>\n5. Synergies between numerical weather prediction and general circulation climate models <em>(Catherine A. Senior, Alberto Arribas, Andrew R. Brown, Michael J.P. Curren, Timothy C. Johns, Gillian M. Martin, Sean F. Milton, Stuart Webster &#038; Keith D. Williams<\/em>) 76<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.1 Backgorund and motivation<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.2 Seamless prediction across a range of space scales<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.1 Horizontal resolution<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.2 Vertical resolution<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.3 Seamless prediction across a range of time scales<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.1 Data assimilation and reanalyses<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.2 Initial tendency diagnosis of model errors<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.3 Evaluating short-range forecasts against observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.4 Evaluation of errors &#8212; mdeium range to seasonal and decadal<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.4 Benefits of shared development<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.4.1 Complexity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.4.2 Sharing of diagnostic techniques across time-scales<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.4.3 Initialization<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.4.4 Ensemble generation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.4.5 Software engineering infrastructure<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.5 Conclusion and future exploitation<br \/>\n6. Contribution of observational studies to the evaluaqtion and diagnosis of atmospheric GCM simulations (<em>Ngar-Cheung Lau<\/em>) 117<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.2 The early years &#8212; energy cycle, zonal-mean circulation, and regional climatology<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.3 Shift of attention to longitudinal and frequency dependence of atmospheric variability<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.4 Diagnoses of local interactions between transient eddies and the time-mean circulation<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.5 Experimentation on interactions with SST conditions at various sites<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.6 Discussion and future prospects<br \/>\n7. Coupling atmospheric general circulation to oceans (<em>Kirk Bryan<\/em>) 148<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.2 Ocean models<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.3 Coupled models compared to observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.4 Paleoclimate<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.5 El Ni&ntilde;o<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.6 Multi-decadal climate variability<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.7 Future challenges and opportunities for coupled models<br \/>\n8. Coupling atmospheric circulation models to biophysical, biochemical, and biological processes at the land surface (<em>Robert E. Dickinson<\/em>) 177<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.1 Beginnings of modeling theland surface as a component of GCMs<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.2 Land&#8217;s role in climate variability and change<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.3 The introduction of dynamic vegetation<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.4 Coupling to the carbon cycle<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.5 Concluding discussion<br \/>\n9. The evolution of complexity in general circulation models (<em>David Randall<\/em>) 202<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.2 In the beginning<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.3 Numerics<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.4 Parameterizations<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.5 From academia to enterprise: a loss of innocence<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.6 Peta-flops and giga-grids<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.7 Conclusions<br \/>\n10. The co-evolution of climate models and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<em>Somerville<\/em>) 225<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.1 Historical development of global climate models in the IPCC context<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.2 The beginnings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate CHange (IPCC)<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.3 The First Assessment Report (FAR) of the IPCC (1990)<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.4 The Second Assessment Report (SAR) and Third Assessment Report (TAR)<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.5 IPCC and the policy debate regarding human effects on climate change<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.6 The IPCC process<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.7 An example of model evolution in the IPCC context: cloud processes<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.8 Coupled models<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.9 The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) and the future of the IPCC<br \/>\nReferences 251<br \/>\nIndex 253[-255]<br \/>\nColor plates between p. 144 and p. 145<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leo DONNER, Wayne SCHUBERT &#038; Richard SOMERVILLE eds., 2011: The Development of Atmospheric General Circul [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5026"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5026\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7656,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5026\/revisions\/7656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}