{"id":3259,"date":"2013-09-04T02:32:36","date_gmt":"2013-09-03T17:32:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=3259"},"modified":"2013-09-04T02:32:36","modified_gmt":"2013-09-03T17:32:36","slug":"ian-hacking-1999-the-social-construction-of-what","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=3259","title":{"rendered":"Ian Hacking [\u30a4\u30a2\u30f3 \u30cf\u30c3\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0] (1999) The Social Construction of What? \/ \u4f55\u304c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Ian HACKING, 1999: <em>The Social Construction of What?<\/em> Cambridge MA USA: Harvard University Press, 261 pp. ISBN 0-674-81200-X.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>1998\u5e74\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8ad6(\u305f\u3060\u3057\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66)\u306b\u95a2\u5fc3\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u300c<em>\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3<\/em>\u300d\u306e\u7279\u96c6\u53f7\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u4fd7\u306b\u300cScience Wars\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u8ad6\u4e89\uff08\u3080\u3057\u308d\u300c\u8a00\u3044\u3042\u3044\u300d\u304b)\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u305f\u3002\u8eab\u8fd1\u306a\u554f\u984c\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u5bfe\u5cb8\u306e\u706b\u4e8b\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u300c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306f(\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067)\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u554f\u984c\u304c\u6c17\u306b\u304b\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u307e\u3059\u307e\u3059\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002Hacking\u306e\u300c<em>\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u4ecb\u5165<\/em>\u300d\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u5c11\u3057\u6574\u7406\u304c\u3064\u3044\u305f\u3002\u5b9f\u9a13\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u96fb\u5b50\u3092\u64cd\u4f5c\u3057\u3066\u4f55\u304b\u306b\u3076\u3064\u3051\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3001Hacking\u306f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u300c\u96fb\u5b50\u304c\u5b9f\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u306b\u8cdb\u540c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u306f\u601d\u3048\u305f\u3002\u3010\u3057\u304b\u3057\u4eca\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304b\u3089\u8003\u3048\u306a\u304a\u3057\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3068\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3068\u304dHacking\u304c\u8cdb\u540c\u3057\u305f\u8a8d\u8b58\u306f\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u306b\u306f\u96fb\u5b50\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5185\u5728\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3011 \u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089(\u305f\u3057\u304b2001\u5e74)\u3001\u5e97\u982d\u3067\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306b\u51fa\u4f1a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u8aad\u3080\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u672c\u306b\u6570\u3048\u306f\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u8aad\u307e\u306a\u3044\u307e\u307e\u6765\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u3054\u308d\u3001\u8eab\u8fd1\u306a\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308bScience Wars\u3068\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u4f3c\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306e\u3042\u308b\u8ad6\u4e89(\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u3059\u308c\u3061\u304c\u3044)\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u8ad6\u70b9\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u3092\u611f\u3058\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001Hacking\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u3092\u984c\u6750\u3068\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f1a\u306e\u4e88\u5b9a\u3082\u77e5\u3063\u305f(\u305d\u306e\u4e3b\u984c\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u5bc4\u308a\u3067\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u3068\u306e\u91cd\u306a\u308a\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c)\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6a5f\u4f1a\u306b\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u304a\u3053\u3046\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248\u300e<em>\u4f55\u304c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304b<\/em>\u300f (\u51fa\u53e3 \u5eb7\u592b, \u4e45\u7c73 \u6681 \u8a33, \u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97)\u3067\u3082\u3088\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u306e\u8907\u6570\u306e\u672c\u5c4b\u3092\u307e\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u82f1\u8a9e\u539f\u672c(\u30da\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc\u30d0\u30c3\u30af)\u304c\u5148\u306b\u898b\u3064\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8cb7\u3063\u3066\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u306f\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u300cThe Social Construction of X\u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300cConstructing X\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u984c\u540d(\u307e\u305f\u306f\u526f\u984c)\u306e\u672c\u304c\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u3002X\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306b\u306f\u3044\u308b\u8a9e\u306e\u982d\u6587\u5b57\u304cA\u304b\u3089Z\u307e\u3067\u4e00\u4f8b\u305a\u3064\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u305f\u3060\u3057X\u81ea\u8eab\u3068J\u306f\u306a\u3044)\u3002\u6d41\u884c\u8a9e\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u5b9f\u8cea\u7684\u610f\u5473\u306e\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304c\u305d\u308c\u306f\u9664\u3044\u3066\u3001\u984c\u540d\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u8da3\u65e8\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5171\u901a\u306e\u8ad6\u70b9\u304c\u898b\u3048\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u3010\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u672c\u306e\u984c\u540d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4e3b\u984c\u5316\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u6a5f\u306f\u4e4f\u3057\u3044\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u3011<br \/>\n -(0) \u4eca\u306e\u4e16\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306fX\u306e\u5b58\u5728 (\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306fX\u304c\u4eca\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068)\u306f\u5f53\u7136\u306e(\u907f\u3051\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044)\u3053\u3068\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n -(1) (\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5404\u8457\u8005\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3067\u306f) X\u306e\u5b58\u5728 (\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306fX\u304c\u4eca\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068)\u306f\u5fc5\u7136\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n -(2) X\u306e\u4eca\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u306f\u307e\u305a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n -(3) X\u304c\u306a\u3044\u307b\u3046\u304c (\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306fX\u306e\u5f62\u304c\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b\u5909\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u307b\u3046\u304c)\u3088\u3044\u4e16\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u5404\u8457\u8005\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306bX\u3092\u306a\u304f\u305d\u3046(\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306fX\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306b\u5909\u3048\u3088\u3046)\u3068\u3064\u3068\u3081\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306e\u5ea6\u5408\u3044\u306f\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8457\u8005\u306f\u5f31\u3044\u307b\u3046\u304b\u3089\u3001historical, ironic, reformist, unmasking, rebellious, revolutionary\u3068\u5206\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057reformist\u3068unmasking\u306f\u540c\u3058\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u4e26\u5217\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f55\u304b\u304c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306b\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u304d\u3001\u6982\u5ff5(idea)\u304c\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u3055\u3057\u3057\u3081\u3059\u5bfe\u8c61(object)\u304c\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001Hacking\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u4ee5\u524d\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u3067\u3082\u3042\u3044\u307e\u3044\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u307e\u305a\u305d\u308c\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3042\u305f\u308a\u307e\u3048\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u3002\u554f\u984c\u306f\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u3060\u3002Hacking\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u3067\u4e8b\u60c5\u304c\u9055\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u3082\u3046\u5c11\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306d\u3044\u306b\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u5883\u76ee\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u304b\u81ea\u7136\u304b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3060\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u5206\u985e(\u4f8b\u3001quark)\u306f\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u306e\u5206\u985e\u306f\u3001\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4eba\u306e\u884c\u52d5\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3046\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u6574\u7406\u3084\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u30fb\u601d\u60f3\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u9023\u3065\u3051\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5168\u90e8\u306f\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u304d\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\nConstruction\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306f\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u300c\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u306f\u5c11\u3057\u305a\u3064\u9055\u3063\u305f\u5358\u8a9e\u304c\u3044\u304f\u3064\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002 \u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001constructionalism\u306f\u54f2\u5b66\u8005Goodman\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u3001constructivism\u306f\u6570\u5b66\u306eBrouwer\u306e\u7acb\u5834(\u76f4\u89b3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3046\u304c)\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f<strong>constructionism<\/strong>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n(\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8a71\u984c\u306e\u4f59\u8ac7\u3060\u304c\u3001\u8457\u8005\u306f\u9ad8\u6821\u751f\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306e\u9069\u6027\u691c\u67fb\u3067meteorologist\u306b\u5411\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u300c\u6c17\u8c61\u4e88\u5831\u58eb\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b?)<br \/>\n\u793e\u4f1a\u73fe\u8c61\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u3068\u3057\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306bunmasking\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306fMannheim (1925) \u306eEnth&uuml;llung\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3001\u30a4\u30c7\u30aa\u30ed\u30ae\u30fc(\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e0a\u4e57\u305b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4fa1\u5024)\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u306f\u304c\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3001\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u3082\u3064\u300c\u8d85\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u529b\u300d\u3078\u306e\u7591\u3044\u3001\u5076\u50cf\u7834\u58ca\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u610f\u5473\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5bfe\u8c61\u306e\u5168\u9762\u5426\u5b9a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u305f\u3068\u3048\u307020\u4e16\u7d00\u524d\u534a\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u3092unmask\u3059\u308b\u3068\u304d\u3001\u512a\u751f\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u8003\u3048\u306f\u968e\u7d1a\u5229\u5bb3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u69cb\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u5f15\u304d\u306f\u304c\u3059\u304c\u3001\u56de\u5e30\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u306f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306f\u3001\u6a29\u529b\u30fb\u652f\u914d\u3092unmask\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u652f\u914d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4eba\u304c\u300c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u985e(interactive kinds)\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u5206\u306b\u652f\u914d\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3082\u3069\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5e0c\u671b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306b\u9053\u5fb3\u7684\u306a\u610f\u7fa9\u306e\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u985e\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\uff08\u4f59\u8ac7\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u8a71\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u3001\u300conly science could have created Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306eHiroshima and Nagasaki\u306f\u539f\u5b50\u7206\u5f3e\u6295\u4e0b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3092\u3055\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8457\u8005\u306f\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u672c\u7b4b\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u3068\u304d\u3069\u304d\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u307e\u305a\u3044\u3068\u611f\u3058\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4e0d\u7528\u610f\u306b\u4f7f\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3002\u7269\u7406\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002(\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u300c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u985e\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u304c\u5fae\u5999\u306a\u970a\u9577\u985e\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u306f\u76f4\u63a5\u8b70\u8ad6\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002)<br \/>\n\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u306f\u3075\u3064\u3046\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u304c\u507d\u3060\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3068\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u3068\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u5730\u4f4d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u4e00\u81f4\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u3044\u3002Hacking\u306f\u59a5\u5354\u3092\u306f\u304b\u308b\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3080\u3057\u308d\u304f\u3044\u3061\u304c\u3044\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u304f\u3044\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306e\u7b2c1\u70b9\u306fcontigency\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u306f\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u767a\u5c55\u7d4c\u8def\u304c\u9055\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u77e5\u8b58\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306e(\u901a\u7d04\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a)\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u304c\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306b\u540c\u3058\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002Hacking\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u4f55\u3092\u554f\u3046\u304b\u306b\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b(\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u306e\u8ecd\u4e8b\u6280\u8853\u306e\u5834\u5408\u304c\u5178\u578b\u7684)\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3093\u554f\u3044\u304c\u6c7a\u307e\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u89b3\u6e2c\u30fb\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3046\u306e\u306b\u9069\u3057\u305f\u6280\u8853\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u7b54\u3048\u304c\u793e\u4f1a\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5909\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001Hacking\u306e\u8003\u3048\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u304c\u3044\u3046\u307b\u3069contigent\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u304f\u3044\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306e\u7b2c2\u70b9\u306f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5b9f\u5728\u8ad6\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001realism\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306b\u591a\u69d8\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u306f\u5185\u5728\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3082\u3064\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e &#8220;inherent-structurism&#8221; \u3068\u547c\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5074\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u306f\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4eba\u304c(\u81ea\u7136\u3068\u3076\u3064\u304b\u3063\u3066)\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002Hacking\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8003\u3048\u306f\u3069\u3061\u3089\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3070\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u5bc4\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u304f\u3044\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306e\u7b2c3\u70b9\u306f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u5b89\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e(\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u96fb\u78c1\u6c17\u306eMaxwell\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3068\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c2\u6cd5\u5247\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b)\u306e\u5b89\u5b9a\u6027\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u3001\u304a\u3082\u306b\u793e\u4f1a\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u304b\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u8981\u7d04\u3057\u304d\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5927\u307e\u304b\u306b\u8a00\u3048\u3070Hacking\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u304c\u3044\u3046\u307b\u3069\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3088\u308a\u306f\u5927\u304d\u3044\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Hacking\u306fKuhn\u3092\u5178\u578b\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005(\u3053\u306e3\u70b9\u306e\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001contigency\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3057(\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u9650\u3063\u3066\u3060\u304c)\u3001\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5b89\u5b9a\u6027\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u306a\u3044)\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u306f\u3001Lakatos\u306e\u3044\u3046mob psychology\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u3082\u542b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002Kuhn\u306e\u300c<em>\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u306e\u69cb\u9020<\/em>\u300d\u306e50\u5468\u5e74\u8a18\u5ff5\u7248(2012\u5e74)\u306bHacking\u304c\u3064\u3051\u305f\u89e3\u8aac\u306e\u8ad6\u8abf\u3068\u306f\u3060\u3044\u3076\u9055\u3046\u304c\u3001\u89e3\u8aac\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306fKuhn\u81ea\u8eab\u306e1962\u5e74(\u521d\u7248)\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f1970\u5e74(\u7b2c2\u7248)\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3092\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c<em>The Social Construction of What?<\/em>\u300d\u3067\u306eHacking\u306fKuhn\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8003\u3048\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3080\u3057\u308dKuhn\u304c\u4ed6\u306e\u4eba\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u30a4\u30f3\u30d1\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001Hacking\u306f\u3001Feyerabend\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u306f\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3002\u5bfe\u8c61\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u985e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u554f\u984c\u306e\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u75c5\u6c17\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a3a\u65ad\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3084\u884c\u52d5\u304c\u5909\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u672c\u4eba\u304c\u8a3a\u65ad\u3092\u81ea\u899a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u672c\u4eba\u304c\u81ea\u899a\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u307e\u308f\u308a\u306e\u4eba\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3092\u3068\u304a\u3057\u3066\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c9\u30d0\u30c3\u30af\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306f\u3001\u5fc3\u8eab\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3061\u304a\u3046\u5225\u3082\u306e\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u307e\u3060\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u3064\u307e\u308a\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u75c5\u6c17\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u7269\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306funmasking\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u3001\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u75c5\u6c17\u304c\u306a\u304a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u985e\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u554f\u984c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c5\u7ae0\u306f\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u8650\u5f85\u306e\u4ef6\u3002\u8650\u5f85\u3059\u308b\u89aa\u306a\u3069\u306e\u304a\u3068\u306a\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3082\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u985e\u306e\u4f8b\u3002\u8650\u5f85\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u5bb9\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3055\u3057\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u78ba\u304b\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3069\u3046\u5206\u985e\u3059\u308b\u304b\u304c\u4eba\u306e\u884c\u52d5(\u3068\u304f\u306b\u653f\u7b56)\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u300c\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u300d(child abuse)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u30011960\u5e74\u306bDenver\u306e\u5c0f\u5150\u79d1\u533b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4f7f\u3044\u59cb\u3081\u3066\u304b\u3089\u5e83\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u3082\u3063\u3068\u53e4\u304f\u30011880\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306b\u300c\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3078\u306e\u6b8b\u9177\u306a\u884c\u306a\u3044\u300d(cruelty to children)\u3078\u306e\u6279\u5224\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u30011910\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u3059\u305f\u308c\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306f\u30011880\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u3078\u306e\u6b8b\u9177\u306a\u884c\u306a\u3044\u306f\u8ca7\u3057\u3044\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305a\u3001\u533b\u7642\u3068\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u3092\u542b\u307e\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u30011960\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u968e\u7d1a\u306b\u3088\u3089\u306a\u3044\u554f\u984c\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u3092\u304f\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3059\u89aa\u306f\u75c5\u6c17\u3060\u3068\u3055\u308c\u30011975\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u304b\u3089\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u3082\u542b\u3080\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c6\u7ae0\u306f\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u4ef6\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u3067\u3082\u3001\u3069\u3093\u306a\u554f\u3044\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u306b\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u5927\u304d\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f8b\u3002\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u57fa\u790e\u79d1\u5b66\u3084\u6c11\u751f\u6280\u8853\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u305f\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7d20\u7c92\u5b50\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u6db2\u4f53\u6c34\u7d20\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6ce1\u7bb1(\u305d\u308c\u81ea\u4f53\u306f\u57fa\u790e\u79d1\u5b66\u3060\u304c\u3001\u6c34\u7206\u958b\u767a\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u6c34\u7d20\u6db2\u5316\u6280\u8853\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u305f)\u3001\u30ec\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u69cb\u6210\u304c\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u308a\u306f\u52d5\u6a5f\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30df\u30b5\u30a4\u30eb\u306e\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3068\u3001\u77e5\u80fd\u6307\u6570(\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u8ecd\u306b\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u305f)\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u306f\u30c9\u30ed\u30de\u30a4\u30c8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u4ef6\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u4f8b\u3002<br \/>\n\u30c9\u30ed\u30de\u30a4\u30c8\u306e\u540d\u307e\u3048\u306fDolomieu\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u3061\u306a\u307f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4eba\u304c\u767a\u898b\u8005\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u767a\u898b\u8a18\u8f09\u3001\u6b63\u3057\u3044\u7d44\u6210(\u30de\u30b0\u30cd\u30b7\u30a6\u30e0\u70ad\u9178\u5869)\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u306a\u8aac(\u77f3\u7070\u77f3\u306e\u30ab\u30eb\u30b7\u30a6\u30e0\u304c\u7f6e\u304d\u304b\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e)\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3092\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3082Arduino\u306e\u529f\u7e3e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u30c9\u30ed\u30de\u30a4\u30c8\u306f\u77f3\u6cb9\u3092\u542b\u307f\u3084\u3059\u3044\u306e\u3067\u5206\u5e03\u306f\u3088\u304f\u8abf\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5730\u7403\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3067\u53e4\u3044\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u591a\u304f\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u9577\u304f\u8b0e\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n\u6700\u8fd1(1990\u5e74\u4ee3)\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30c9\u30ed\u30de\u30a4\u30c8\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u5730\u7403\u3067\u3082\u4eba\u304c\u884c\u304d\u305f\u304c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306a\u74b0\u5883\u3067\u751f\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30c9\u30ed\u30de\u30a4\u30c8\u304c\u751f\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6e56\u306e\u5806\u7a4d\u7269\u304b\u3089\u3001\u786b\u9178\u3092\u9084\u5143\u3059\u308b\u30d0\u30af\u30c6\u30ea\u30a2\u304c\u898b\u3064\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3067\u751f\u6210\u306e\u3057\u304f\u307f\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u30c9\u30ed\u30de\u30a4\u30c8\u3068\u30d0\u30af\u30c6\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u3001\u4f5c\u52d5\u4e2d\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3060\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30d0\u30af\u30c6\u30ea\u30a2\u3092\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u985e\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u306f\u306a\u3055\u305d\u3046\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3068\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002<br \/>\n\u3010[2013-12-22\u88dc\u8db3] \u5358\u306b\u300c\u30d0\u30af\u30c6\u30ea\u30a2\u300d\u3068\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304c(\u3075\u3064\u3046\u306e\u30d0\u30af\u30c6\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u8a71\u3082\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c)\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u7279\u306b\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f\u300c\u30ca\u30ce\u30d0\u30af\u30c6\u30ea\u30a2\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u751f\u7269\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u304c\u60f3\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u3060\u3063\u305f\u30022013\u5e7412\u6708\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u30ca\u30ce\u30d0\u30af\u30c6\u30ea\u30a2\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306f\u751f\u7269\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u30a2\u30d1\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u306e\u7d50\u6676\u304c\u5897\u6b96\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5ca1\u5c71\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8aac\u306f\u6570\u5e74\u524d\u304b\u3089\u6709\u529b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u4eca\u56de(\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u89b3\u70b9\u3067\u306f)\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u88cf\u3065\u3051\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u306e\u9032\u5c55\u3068\u30c9\u30ed\u30de\u30a4\u30c8\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u8ab2\u984c\u306f\u307e\u3060\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c8\u7ae0\u306f\u6c11\u65cf\u306b\u304b\u3089\u3080\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u3067\u3001Captain Cook\u304c\u30cf\u30ef\u30a4\u3067\u6bba\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4ef6\u3002<br \/>\n\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u985e\u5b66\u8005Sahlins\u306f\u3001\u30cf\u30ef\u30a4\u4eba\u306fCook\u3092\u795e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8fce\u3048\u305f\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002Obeyesekere\u306f\u3001\u30cf\u30ef\u30a4\u4eba\u306f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306bCook\u3092\u4eba\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8fce\u3048\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4e89\u3044\u306e\u672b\u306bCook\u304c\u6b7b\u3093\u3067\u304b\u3089\u3001\u305d\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3064\u3054\u3046\u304c\u3088\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3067\u795e\u683c\u5316\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4e21\u8005\u3068\u3082\u3001\u65e7\u4e16\u4ee3\u306e\u897f\u6d0b\u4eba\u304c\u305d\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u89b3\u3092\u304a\u3057\u3064\u3051\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u614b\u5ea6\u3092\u3068\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u73fe\u308f\u308c\u304c\u9006\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<br \/>\nHacking\u306f\u521d\u3081\u306fObeyesekere\u306e\u8003\u3048\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3068\u601d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3060\u304c\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u306e\u4f7f\u3044\u304b\u305f\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3046\u3061\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4ef6\u3067\u306fSahlins\u306e\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u9054\u3057\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u30cf\u30ef\u30a4\u4eba\u306e\u4f1d\u7d71\u7684\u306a\u66a6\u306b\u306f\u3001Lolo\u795e\u304c\u3084\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u7279\u5225\u306a1\u304b\u6708\u3068\u3001\u5e73\u5e38\u306e11\u304b\u6708\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001Cook\u304c\u6700\u521d\u306b\u73fe\u308f\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\u7279\u5225\u306a\u6708\u3067\u3001\u8239\u304c\u3053\u308f\u308c\u305f\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3082\u3069\u3063\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306f\u5e73\u5e38\u306b\u3082\u3069\u308b\u6642\u671f\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306b\u306f\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u306b\u307e\u3068\u3081\u304c\u306a\u304f\u5404\u8ad6\u3067\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u7dcf\u8ad6\u306e\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u7b2c1-3\u7ae0\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u3001\u5150\u7ae5\u8650\u5f85\u3001\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4eba\u6a29\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u554f\u984c\u306e\u6240\u5728\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u6df1\u304f\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306b\u9650\u308a\u305f\u3044\u306e\u3067\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u898b\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u306e\u306f\u907f\u3051\u308b(\u3069\u3053\u304b\u3067\u305d\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u601d\u3046)\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u614b\u5ea6\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u4e0d\u6e80\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3053\u306e\u672c\u304c\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u6df1\u3055\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304d\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3053\u304b\u3089\u6df1\u3081\u308b\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5225\u306e\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051\u3092\u3055\u304c\u3057\u305f\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3088\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5730\u7403\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u306f\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306b\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u4eba\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u304c\u7121\u8996\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002Hacking\u306e\u3044\u3046\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3059\u308b\u985e\u3068\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3057\u306a\u3044\u985e(indifferent kind)\u3068\u306e\u3057\u308f\u3051\u304c\u3046\u307e\u304f\u4f7f\u3048\u305a\u3001\u5225\u306e\u8003\u3048\u304b\u305f\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3, 1998: \u7279\u96c6 \u30b5\u30a4\u30a8\u30f3\u30b9\u30fb\u30a6\u30a9\u30fc\u30ba\u3002<em>\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3<\/em> 1998\u5e7411\u6708\u53f7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>I. HACKING, 1983: <em>Representing and Intervening<\/em>. <br \/>\n[\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248] \u30a4\u30a2\u30f3\u30fb\u30cf\u30c3\u30ad\u30f3\u30b0\u8457, \u6e21\u8fba \u535a \u8a33 (1986), <em>\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u4ecb\u5165<\/em>. \u7523\u696d\u56f3\u66f8 [\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u3002]<\/li>\n<li>Thomas S. KUHN, (1962), 2012: <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions<\/em>. 50th Anniversary Edition (With an introductory essay by Ian Hacking). The University of Chicago Press, 217 pp. ISBN 978-0-226-45812-0 (pbk.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u8a73\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\nContents<br \/>\nPreface vii<br \/>\n1. Why Ask What? 1<br \/>\n &#8211; Relativism<br \/>\n &#8211; Don&#8217;t first define, ask for the point<br \/>\n &#8211; Against inevitability<br \/>\n &#8211; Gender<br \/>\n &#8211; Women refugees<br \/>\n &#8211; Ideas in their matrices<br \/>\n &#8211; A precondition<br \/>\n &#8211; The self<br \/>\n &#8211; Essentialism, about race, for example<br \/>\n &#8211; Emotions<br \/>\n &#8211; Grades of commitment<br \/>\n &#8211; Objects, ideas, and elevator words<br \/>\n &#8211; Universal constructionism<br \/>\n &#8211; The child viewer of television<br \/>\n &#8211; Why what? First sinner, myself<br \/>\n &#8211; Why what? Second sinner, Stanley Fish<br \/>\n &#8211; Interactions<br \/>\n &#8211; Two question areas<br \/>\n2. Too Many Metaphors 36<br \/>\n &#8211; Process and product<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Disability<br \/>\n &#8211; Is &#8220;social&#8221; redundant?<br \/>\n &#8211; Kant&#8217;s house<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Bertrand Russell&#8217;s Logical Constructions<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Logical Positivism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Construct Validity in Empirical Psychology<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Nelson Goodman&#8217;s Constructionalist Orientation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Constructivism in Mathematics<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Moral Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Different names for different construct-isms<br \/>\n &#8211; Building, or assembling from parts<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The psychological subject<br \/>\n &#8211; Unmasking<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Serial killers<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Refuting<br \/>\n &#8211; Human affairs<br \/>\n &#8211; The natural sciences<br \/>\n3. What about the Natural Sciences? 63<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; What Are the Natural Sciences?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Who Are the Social Constructionists about Science?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Distinctions<br \/>\n &#8211; Sticking point #1: Contigency<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Resistance and Accommodation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Robust Fit<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Contigency Means No Predetermination<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Contigency Does Not Mean Underdetermination<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Alien Science<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Sticking Point<br \/>\n &#8211; Sticking point #2: Nominalism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Facts<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Nominalism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Sticking Point<br \/>\n &#8211; Sticking Point #3: Explanations of Stability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Culture and Science<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; A Big Jump<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; External Explanations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Rationalism and Empiricism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Sticking Point<br \/>\n &#8211; Anti-authority by unmasking<br \/>\n &#8211; Left and right politics<br \/>\n &#8211; Kuhn and Feyerabend<br \/>\n4. Madness: Biological or Constructed? 100<br \/>\n &#8211; Children<br \/>\n &#8211; Interactive kinds<br \/>\n &#8211; Indifferent Kinds<br \/>\n &#8211; Natural kinds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Continua<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Natural and Social Sciences<br \/>\n &#8211; Psychopathologies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Biolooping<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Feeble Mind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Schizophrenia<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Childhood Autism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Indifferent versus Interactive<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Bio\/Psycho Choice<br \/>\n &#8211; A dilemma<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Semantic Resolution<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; For the Study of Dynamics, Not Semantics<br \/>\n5. Kind-making: The Case of Child Abuse 125<br \/>\n &#8211; Relevant kinds<br \/>\n &#8211; Why this kind?<br \/>\n &#8211; A sketch of history<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cruelty<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sex<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Liberation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Counting<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Export<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Objectivity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Figure of Speech<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Drawing the Line<br \/>\n &#8211; Old worlds<br \/>\n &#8211; New worlds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Looping Effects<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Self-Knowledge<br \/>\n6. Weapons Research 163<br \/>\n &#8211; Weapons<br \/>\n &#8211; The creation of knowledge<br \/>\n &#8211; Form and content<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Intelligence Quotient<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Endocrinology<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Particle Detectors<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Lasers<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Missile Accuracy<br \/>\n &#8211; Forms of knowledge<br \/>\n7. Rocks 186<br \/>\n &#8211; Sedimentology<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Dolomite Recognized<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Dolomite Formation by Experimental Chemistry<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Dolomite Problem<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Dolomite Is Being Formed Now<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Models<br \/>\n &#8211; Nanobacteria<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Road from Rio<br \/>\n &#8211; Old-time philosophy of the natural sciences<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Small Science<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Philosophies of the Sciences<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Induction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Method of Hypothesis<br \/>\n &#8211; Science studies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Edinburgh: Interests and Symmetry<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Networks<br \/>\n &#8211; The three sticking points<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Contigency<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Nominalism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Stability<br \/>\n8. The End of Captain Cook 207<br \/>\n &#8211; The opponents<br \/>\n &#8211; The data<br \/>\n &#8211; The voyage<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Violence<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; God<br \/>\n &#8211; Universalism<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Language and Sex<br \/>\nNotes 227<br \/>\nWorks Cited 239<br \/>\nIndex 257 [-261]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ian HACKING, 1999: The Social Construction of What? Cambridge MA USA: Harvard University Press, 261 pp. ISBN 0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3259","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3259","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3259"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3259\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3259"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3259"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3259"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}