{"id":1496,"date":"2011-07-24T19:58:22","date_gmt":"2011-07-24T10:58:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=1496"},"modified":"2022-10-29T22:44:26","modified_gmt":"2022-10-29T13:44:26","slug":"ludwik-fleck-19351979-%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83%e6%a7%98%e5%bc%8f%e3%81%a8%e6%80%9d%e8%80%83%e9%9b%86%e5%9b%a3-genesis-and-development-of-a-scientific-fact","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=1496","title":{"rendered":"Ludwik Fleck (1935\/1979) \u601d\u8003\u69d8\u5f0f\u3068\u601d\u8003\u96c6\u56e3 \/ Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Ludwik FLECK, 1935: <em>Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache: Einf&uuml;hrung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkkollektiv<\/em>. Basel: Benno Schwabe.<\/li>\n<li>Ludwik FLECK; edited by Thaddeus J. TRENN &#038; Robert K. MERTON, translated by Fred BRADLEY &#038; Thaddeus J. TRENN, foreword by Thomas S. KUHN, 1979: <em>Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, 203 pp. ISBN 0-226-25324-4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2007\u5e7410\u6708\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\u306e\u591a\u5c11\u3044\u305f\u3093\u3060\u53e4\u672c\u3092\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u304b\u3089\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u3042\u308a\u304b\u305f\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u969b\u306bKuhn\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u3092\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3068Kuhn\u304c\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u3057\u305fFleck\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u3082\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u53d6\u308a\u5bc4\u305b\u3066\u307f\u308b\u3068\u3001\u984c\u6750\u306f\u533b\u5b66\u53f2\u3060\u3002\u6885\u6bd2\u3068\u3044\u3046\u75c5\u6c17\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u306e\u5909\u9077\u3060\u3002\u533b\u5b66\u306e\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u306a\u3044\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u306f\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u7528\u4e8b\u306b\u307e\u304e\u308c\u3066\u8aad\u307e\u306a\u3044\u307e\u307e\u6765\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u77e5\u308a\u5408\u3044\u306e\u4eba\u304c\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u5f15\u3063\u3071\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u307f\u305f\u304c\u3001\u6700\u521d\u3068\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u8a33\u8005(Trenn\u6c0f)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u89e3\u8aac\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u606f\u5207\u308c\u3057\u305f\u3002\u672c\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u306e\u306f\u307e\u3068\u307e\u3063\u305f\u6642\u9593\u304c\u3068\u308c\u308b\u307e\u3067\u304a\u3042\u305a\u3051\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3002\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a\u89e3\u8aac\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u308f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u304c\u73fe\u5b9f\u4e16\u754c\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u77ac\u9593\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3054\u3068\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u300c\u767a\u5c55\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u7121\u7406\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u304c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3069\u3046\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u7121\u7406\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001Fleck\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\u306f\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3042\u308b\u601d\u8003\u69d8\u5f0f\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3059\u308b\u96c6\u56e3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a8d\u8b58\u3060\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u601d\u8003\u69d8\u5f0f\u300d\u304c\u307b\u307cKuhn\u306e\u3044\u3046\u300c\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u300d\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002Fleck\u306f\u601d\u8003\u69d8\u5f0f\u306e\u4ea4\u4ee3\u3082\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001Kuhn\u3068\u9055\u3063\u3066\u300c\u9769\u547d\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u306f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4ed6\u65b9\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u601d\u8003\u96c6\u56e3\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5883\u754c\u4eba\u300d\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Fleck\u306f\u300c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u300d(community\u3001\u3082\u3068\u306fGemeinschaft\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b?)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3082\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u3046\u3048\u3067\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u300c\u96c6\u56e3\u300d(collective)\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3060\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u306e\u9055\u3044\u3092\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u307e\u3060\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002(\u540c\u3058\u601d\u8003\u96c6\u56e3\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\u76f8\u4e92\u6276\u52a9\u306e\u6c17\u6301\u3061\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b?) 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(1859-1917)\u3092\u9023\u60f3\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u3061\u3089\u306e\u51fa\u8eab\u5730\u306f\u5f53\u6642\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u9818\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3002Zamenhof\u306e\u540d\u524d\u306f\u30a8\u30b9\u30da\u30e9\u30f3\u30c8\u8a9e\u5f62Ludoviko\u3067\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u30dd\u30fc\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u8a9e\u5f62\u3067\u306fLudwik\u3060\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>Kuhn\u304c\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001Reichenbach\u306e\u672c\u306e\u811a\u6ce8\u304b\u3089\u3060\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002Reichenbach\u306f\u56f3\u3092\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u8b70\u8ad6\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u306f\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u6ce8\u306b\u51fa\u5178\u3068\u3057\u3066\u672c\u306e\u984c\u540d\u3092\u5165\u308c\u305f\u3002Kuhn\u306f\u305d\u306e\u984c\u540d\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u95a2\u5fc3\u306b\u8fd1\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3067\u8aad\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3060\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002(\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306e\u6587\u732e\u63a2\u7d22\u3082\u3001\u3044\u3061\u3044\u3061\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u811a\u6ce8\u304b\u3089\u305d\u306e\u6ce8\u3092\u3064\u3051\u305f\u4eba\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u91cd\u8996\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u306f\u601d\u3048\u306a\u3044\u6587\u732e\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u6298\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u66f8\u304d\u306c\u3044\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3002\u5404\u7bc0\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306e\u8981\u65e8\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\nContents [v-vi]<br \/>\nForeword [Kuhn] vii<br \/>\nPreface [Trenn] xiii<br \/>\n<strong>Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact<\/strong><br \/>\nOverview of Contents xxiii<br \/>\nPrologue xxvii[-xxviii]<br \/>\nA scientific fact taken from the annals of medicine is particularly suitable for our observations, because it is very rich in history and content but has not yet been thoroughly examined epistemologically.<br \/>\n<strong>One. How the Modern Concept of Syphilis Originated<\/strong> 1<br \/>\nThe mystic-ethical, the empirical-therapeutic, the pathogenic, and the etiological disease entity in historical sequence.<br \/>\n<strong>Two. Epistemological Conclusions from the Established History of a Concept<\/strong> 20<br \/>\nSection 1. General observations on the significance of the history of science. A scientific concept as a result of the historical development of thought. 20<br \/>\nSection 2. Proto-ideas as guidelines for the development of any finding. 23<br \/>\nSection 3. The tenacity of systems of opinion and the harmony of illusions; viewpoints as autonomous, style-permeated structures [Gebilde]. 27<br \/>\nSection 4. Introduction to thought collectives. The social conditioning of every act of cognition. 38<br \/>\n<strong>Three. The Wassermann Reaction and Its Discovery<\/strong> 53<br \/>\nIndividual contribution to the discovery compared with that of the collective. How a correct finding can arise from false assumptions and irreproducible initial experiments. What does an author see retrospectively?<br \/>\n<strong>Four. Epistemological Considerations Concerning the History of the Wassermann Reaction<\/strong> 82<br \/>\nSection 1. General conclusions. The more deeply we enter into any branch of science the more strongly will we be tied to its thought style. 82<br \/>\nSection 2. Observation, experiment, experience. Discovery as a transformation in thought style. A scientific fact construed as an event in the history of thought and as a resistance by the thought collective. 84<br \/>\nSection 3. Further observations concerning thought collectives. General definition of thought style and thought collective. The nature of a fact. Transient and stable thought collectives. General structure and properties of thought collectives. Social forces active in and preserving thought collectives. Communication of thought both within a thought collective and among thought collectives. 98<br \/>\nSection 4. Some characteristics of the thought collective of modern science. Journal science, vademecum science, and popular science considered from the aspect of their socio-intellectual and epistemological significance. The democratic character of the thought collective of modern science. 111<br \/>\nSection 5. Thought styles. Examples and comparisons of thought styles. The readiness to perceive in an stylized manner. Old and new anatomical descriptions and illustrations as proof that visual perception is always stylized seeing of ideas or meaning by &#8220;ideovision&#8221; and that every illustration is a stylized ideogram. The special intellectual mood of modern science. 125<br \/>\n<strong>Commentary and Annotation<\/strong><br \/>\nBiographical Sketch 149<br \/>\nDescriptive Analysis 154<br \/>\nNotes 167<br \/>\nBibliography 185<br \/>\nIndex 193[-203]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ludwik FLECK, 1935: Entstehung und Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlichen Tatsache: Einf&uuml;hrung in die Lehre [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1496"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1496\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10897,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1496\/revisions\/10897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}