{"id":12513,"date":"2025-03-06T14:47:59","date_gmt":"2025-03-06T05:47:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=12513"},"modified":"2025-03-31T01:06:32","modified_gmt":"2025-03-30T16:06:32","slug":"w-j-humphreys-1920-1929-1940-physics-of-the-air","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=12513","title":{"rendered":"W. J. Humphreys (1920, 1929, 1940) Physics of the Air"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>W. J. Humphreys, (1920, 1929) 1940: <em>Physics of the Air (Third Edition)<\/em>. New York and London: McGraw-Hill, 676 pp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u6240\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u56f3\u66f8\u9928\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u672c\u306f\u3001A5\u5224 \u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u306e\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30ab\u30d0\u30fc\u3067\u3001\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u307f\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3068\u30011940\u5e74\u306b McGraw-Hill (New York and London) \u304b\u3089\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u30ea\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3002\u5dfb\u672b\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u5f0f\u306e\u5965\u4ed8\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u306e\u300c\u5b66\u8853\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u300d\u304b\u30891943\u5e745\u670831\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u884c\u3055\u308c\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u51fa\u7248\u914d\u7d66\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e\u304b\u3089\u914d\u7d66\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5b66\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u756a\u53f7 A0030\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u756a\u53f7\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5b9a\u4fa1\u306f 18\u5186 + \u7279\u5225\u884c\u70ba\u7a0e\u76f8\u5f53\u984d 66\u92ad\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c\u51a8\u5742\u6cf0\u4e16\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eba\u306e\u8535\u66f8\u5370\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4eba\u304b\u3089\u5927\u5b66\u306b\u5bc4\u8d08\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044 (\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3010\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051\u306f\u3001\u5225\u30d6\u30ed\u30b0\u306e <a href=\"https:\/\/macroscope.hatenablog.com\/entry\/2025\/01\/03\/164315\">[2025-01-03 1831\u5e74 (\u5929\u4fdd2\u5e74) \u306e\u706b\u5c71\u5674\u706b\u306f\u5343\u5cf6\u306e\u30b7\u30e0\u30b7\u30eb\u5cf6\u3067\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5831\u544a\u3092\u3081\u3050\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3093\u304c\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068]<\/a> \u306e\u8a18\u4e8b\u306b\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u4eca\u6751 \u660e\u6052 \u306e1945\u5e74\u30681946\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u6ce8\u306b\u306f\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8457\u8005\u540d\u3068\u66f8\u540d\u3068\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u756a\u53f7\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u767a\u884c\u5e74\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7b2c3\u7248\u3067\u4eca\u6751\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u756a\u53f7\u3092\u898b\u305f\u304c\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u4eca\u6751\u306e\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8352\u5ddd\u79c0\u4fca\u306e1943\u5e74\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u6ce8\u306b\u306f\u767a\u884c\u5e74\u300c1920\u300d \u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u4eca\u6751\u304c\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u521d\u7248\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u63a8\u6e2c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u307e\u3060\u521d\u7248\u3092\u76f4\u63a5\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>1940\u5e74\u4ee3\u307e\u3067\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u306e\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u3044\u3061\u3070\u3093\u5145\u5b9f\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u3082\u30ea\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306e\u9700\u8981\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u521d\u7248\u3078\u306e\u5e8f\u6587\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u30011914\u5e74\u306b San Diego Aviation School (Rockwell Field) \u3067\u8b1b\u7fa9\u304c\u304a\u3053\u306a\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6559\u6750\u3084\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3064\u3065\u304f\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u3001\u300cthe Journal of the Franklin Institute\u300d\u306b 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 \u5e74\u306b\u306e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u521d\u7248\u304c\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30021929\u5e74 (\u5e8f\u6587\u306e\u65e5\u4ed8\u306f1928\u5e7412\u6708) \u306e\u7b2c2\u7248\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001McGraw-Hill \u304b\u3089\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3010\u7b2c2\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6226\u306e\u3068\u304d\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u822a\u7a7a\u306e\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5229\u7528\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6c17\u8c61\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u6559\u80b2\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3075\u3048\u305f\u306e\u306f\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u307e\u3048\u306b\u7b2c1\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6226\u306b\u3068\u3082\u306a\u3046\u9032\u5c55\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f5\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c1\u90e8\u306f\u3001\u8868\u984c\u306f\u300c\u5927\u6c17\u306e\u529b\u5b66\u3068\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u300d\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u306e\u5168\u5730\u7403\u898f\u6a21\u304b\u3089\u5c0f\u898f\u6a21\u307e\u3067\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u5faa\u74b0\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u84b8\u767a\u3068\u51dd\u7d50\u30fb\u964d\u6c34\u306b\u3088\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u307e\u3067\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u5168\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306e\u73fe\u4ee3\u3067\u3082\u300c\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3070\u304b\u3089\u60f3\u50cf\u3055\u308c\u3084\u3059\u3044\u8a71\u984c\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u3075\u304f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u653e\u5c04\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u592a\u967d\u653e\u5c04\u3092\u3055\u3059 insolation \u3092\u8868\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5730\u7403\u653e\u5c04 (\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u306e\u7269\u4f53\u304c\u51fa\u3059\u8d64\u5916\u7dda) \u3082\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u306f\u3075\u304f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c \u3044\u307e\u304b\u3089\u307f\u308b\u3068\u3042\u3064\u304b\u3044\u304c\u7c21\u5358\u3059\u304e\u308b\u3002\u592a\u967d\u653e\u5c04\u306e\u6563\u4e71\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u7b2c4\u90e8\u3067\u3042\u3064\u304b\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c2\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u7b2c4\u90e8\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u308f\u308c\u308f\u308c\u304c\u300c\u6c17\u8c61\u5b66\u300d\u306b\u306f\u3075\u304f\u3081\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u304a\u304a\u3044\u304c\u300c\u5927\u6c17\u306e\u7269\u7406\u300d\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3075\u304f\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u8a71\u984c\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c2\u90e8\u306f\u5927\u6c17\u96fb\u6c17\u3067\u3001\u30aa\u30fc\u30ed\u30e9\u3092\u3075\u304f\u3080\u3002\u5927\u6c17\u96fb\u6c17\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3070\u96f7\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u304c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306f\u7b2c1\u90e8\u306e\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u7ae0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7b2c2\u90e8\u306b\u3064\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c3\u90e8\u306f\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306e\u97f3\u6ce2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3002<br \/>\n\u7b2c4\u90e8\u306f\u5927\u6c17\u5149\u5b66\u73fe\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c5\u90e8\u306f\u6c17\u5019\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7269\u7406\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u305f\u539f\u56e0\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u3002<br \/>\n\u307e\u305a\u6c17\u5019\u3092\u300ccontrol\u300d\u3059\u308b\u300cfactors\u300d\u309215\u500b\u5217\u6319\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e control \u306f\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a71\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u73fe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u3068\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3060\u3002\u7b2c5\u90e8\u306e\u7ae0\u3084\u7bc0\u306e\u8868\u984c\u306b\u306f\u901a\u3057\u756a\u53f7\u3067\u306a\u3044\u756a\u53f7\u304c\u3075\u304f\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3053\u306e factor \u306b\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u756a\u53f7\u3060\u3002\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a\u3053\u306e factor \u3092\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u307e\u307e\u5217\u6319\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3002<br \/>\nChief factors of climatic control (\u7b2c5\u90e8\u7b2c1\u7ae0 580\u30da\u30fc\u30b8)<br \/>\n1. Latitude<br \/>\n2. Brightness of moon and planets<br \/>\n3. Solar &#8220;constant&#8221; at a fixed distance<br \/>\n4. Solar distance<br \/>\n5. Obliquity of ecliptic<br \/>\n6. Periherion phase<br \/>\n7. Extent and composition of the atmosphere<br \/>\n8. Vulcanism<br \/>\n9. Sun spots<br \/>\n10. Land elevation<br \/>\n11. Land and water distribution<br \/>\n12. Atmospheric circulation<br \/>\n13. Ocean circulation<br \/>\n14. Surface covering<br \/>\n15. Locations of continents<\/p>\n<p>\u3044\u307e\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3044\u3046\u3068\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u53ce\u652f\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u3042\u305f\u3048\u308b\u8981\u56e0\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u300112, 13\u756a\u306f\u3001\u3044\u307e\u306a\u3089\u3070\u6c17\u5019\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u5909\u6570\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3042\u3064\u304b\u3046\u3060\u308d\u3046\u5927\u6c17\u3068\u6d77\u6d0b\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u3092\u5916\u90e8\u8981\u56e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u3001climate \u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3070\u3067\u304a\u3082\u306b\u60f3\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5730\u4e0a\u6c17\u6e29\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c5\u90e8\u306e\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u7b2c\u56db\u7d00\u306e\u6c37\u671f\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3092\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3052\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8aac\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u592a\u967d\u9ed2\u70b9 (factor\u306e9\u756a\u30023\u756a\u306e\u592a\u967d\u653e\u5c04\u5f37\u5ea6\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3060\u304c)\u3001\u5730\u7403\u306e\u8ecc\u9053\u8981\u7d20 (\u3068\u304f\u306b factor\u306e6\u756a \u306b\u3042\u308b\u8fd1\u65e5\u70b9\u306e\u5b63\u7bc0\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305f Croll \u306e\u7406\u8ad6)\u3001\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306e\u4e8c\u9178\u5316\u70ad\u7d20\u6fc3\u5ea6 (factor\u306e7\u756a\u306e\u5927\u6c17\u6210\u5206\u306e\u3046\u3061) \u3092\u4e26\u5217\u306b\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c5\u90e8\u306e\u91cd\u70b9\u306f\u706b\u5c71\u5674\u706b (factor\u306e8\u756a) \u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7b2c5\u90e8\u306e\u7b2c3\u7ae0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u706b\u5c71\u5674\u706b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3067\u3066\u304d\u305f dust (\u706b\u5c71\u7070\u3068\u786b\u9178\u6db2\u6ef4\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3059\u308b\u8003\u3048\u306f\u307e\u3060\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u3060) 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(\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u307e\u3060\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u7406\u5c48\u3092\u8ffd\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044)\u3002\u3010\u306a\u304a\u3001\u4eca\u6751\u660e\u6052\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u307f\u308b\u3068\u30011920\u5e74\u306e\u521d\u7248\u306b\u306f\u30011830\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u65e5\u5c04\u91cf\u6e1b\u5c11\u3068\u6c17\u6e29\u4f4e\u4e0b\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u305d\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u65e5\u5c04\u91cf\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u306f\u3058\u3085\u3046\u3076\u3093\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u7b2c3\u7248\u3067\u306f\u3068\u308a\u3042\u3052\u308b\u306e\u3092\u3084\u3081\u305f\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n===== \u76ee\u6b21 =====<br \/>\nPreface to the Third Edition (1940-10)<br \/>\nPreface to the Second Edition (1928-12)<br \/>\nPreface to the First Edition<br \/>\nContents<br \/>\n<strong>Part 1. Mechanics and Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere<\/strong><br \/>\nChapter 1. Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; Measured Phenomena<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Pressure<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Velocity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Direction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Humidity Definitions (Absolute, Relative, Specific, Mixing Ratio, Dew Point, Saturation Deficit)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Humidity Instrumentation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cloudiness<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Kinds of Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Convection Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Precipitation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Evaporation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sunshine<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Radiatoin<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Electrical Condition<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Optical Phenomenta<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Visibility<br \/>\n &#8211; Sources of Meteorological Information<br \/>\nChapter 2. Some Theoretical Relations between Temperature, Pressure, and Volume in the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Dry Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Humid Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Entropy and Potential Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Entropy of Humid Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Equivalent Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperature Changes of a Rising (or Falling) Isolated Mass of Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Change of Lapse Rate Due to Adiabatic Vertical Convection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Lapse Rate in Non-adiabatic Convection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Work of Expanding Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Work Done on a Mass of Ascending Air<br \/>\nChapter 3. Observed Vertical Temperature Gradients<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Average Vertical Distribution of Temperature during Summer and during Winter<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Atmospheric Stratification<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Why the Atmosphere Is Stratified<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Why the Temperature of the Atmosphere Decreases with Increase of Height<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperature Inversions<br \/>\nChapter 4. The Isothermal Region, or Stratosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Physical Explanation of the Existence of the Stratosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Inequality of Seasonal Temperature Change of Lower and Upper Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Height of the Stratosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Storm Effects on Temperature Gradients<br \/>\n &#8211; Relation of the Stratosphere to Latitude<br \/>\nChapter 5. Composition, Pressure, and Density of the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Composition of Surface Air<br \/>\n &#8211; Barometric Hypsometry<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Standard Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Composition and Pressure of the Atmosphere at Different Levels<br \/>\n &#8211; Density of the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Mass of the Atmosphere and Its Constituents<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Change of Density with Height<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Level of Constant Density<br \/>\nChapter 6. Insolation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Factors of Insolation<br \/>\n &#8211; Solar Output of Radiatino<br \/>\n &#8211; Distance from Sun<br \/>\n &#8211; Solar Altitude<br \/>\n &#8211; Transmission and Absorption<br \/>\n &#8211; Disposal of Solar Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; Effect of Clouds on Incoming and Outgoing Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; Planetary Temperature and Absorbing Shell<br \/>\nChapter 7. Atmospheric Circulation : General Principles<br \/>\n &#8211; Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; Vertical Convection of the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; General Considerations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Local Convection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Interzonal Drift<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Change of Veolcity with Change of Latitude<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Law of Conservation of Areas<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Deflection Due to the Earth&#8217;s Rotation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Rate of Change of Wind Direction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Centrifugal Deflecting Force of Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relative Values of Centrifugal and Rotational Components<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Total Horizontal Deflecting Force<br \/>\n &#8211; Gradient Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Gradient Veolcity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Gradient Velocity Nomogram<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Automatic Adjustment of Winds in Direction and Velocity<br \/>\nChapter 8. Atmospheric Circulation: General Principles (Continued)<br \/>\n &#8211; Variation of Wind with Height<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Irregularities, Gusts of Puffs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ekman Spiral<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Mathematical Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Physical Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Half-kilometer Maximum and One-kilometer Minimum Velocities<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Veolcities from the Ekman Spiral<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Empirical Wind Velocity Equations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Horizontal Pressure Gradient and Elevation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Constancy of Mass Flow: Egnell&#8217;s Law<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relation of Velocity to Altitude above 5 Kilometers<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Level of Maximum Horizontal Pressure Gradient<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Season of Greatest Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Latitude of Gratest Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Hours of Greatest and Least Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Diurnal Shift of the Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Normal State of the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Equatorial East to West Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Probable Interzonal Circulation of the Stratosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Classification of Winds<br \/>\nChapter 9. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued): Winds of Local Origin<br \/>\n &#8211; Winds Due to Local Heating<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Whirlwinds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Auto-convection Gradient<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Whirlies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cumulus Convection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Valley Breeze<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sea Breeze<br \/>\n &#8211; Winds Due to Cooling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Land Breeze<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Mountain Breeze,or Gravity Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Mountain Convections<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Glacier Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Bora<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Mistral<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Santa Ana<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Norwegian Fallwinds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Continental Fallwinds<br \/>\n &#8211; Winds Due to Simultaneous Adjacent Local Heating and Local Cooling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thunderstorm Winds<br \/>\nChapter 10. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued)<br \/>\n &#8211; Winds Due to Widespread Heating and Cooling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Monsoons<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Trade Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Antitrade Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Tropical cyclones<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Distinction between Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Place of Occurrence<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Size and Shape of Storm<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Direction of Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Velocity of Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Direction of Travel<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Velocity of Travel<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Origin and Maintenance<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Energy<br \/>\nChapter 11. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued)<br \/>\n &#8211; Exratropical Cyclones<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; General Remarks<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Size<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Direction of Movement of the Cyclonic Center<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Locus of Maximum Cyclonic Frequency or Chief Paths of Cyclonic Storms<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Velocity of Travel<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Frequency<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Direction of Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Deflection Angle<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Velocity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Convection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Velocity of Travel and Amount of Precipitation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Classifiation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thermal<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insolational<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Mechanical<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Former, or Convectional Theory of the Cyclone<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Present Theory of the Origin and Maintenance of the Extratropical Cyclone<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Possible Cyclones in the Stratosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Anticyclones<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Mechanical<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Velocity and Path of Travel<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Velocity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Origin, Course, and End of the Migratory Anticyclone<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Radiational<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Transitory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thermal<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Identifying an Air Mass<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Historical<br \/>\nChapter 12. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Eddies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Maloja Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Foehn, Chinook<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Tornado<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Waterspout<br \/>\nChapter 13. Atmospheric Circulation (Continued)<br \/>\n &#8211; Winds Adverse to Aviation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; General Statement<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Air Fountains<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Air Sinks<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Air Cataracts<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cloud Currents<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Aerial Cascades<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Layers<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Billows<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Gusts<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Wind Eddies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Air Torrents<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Air Breakers<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Classification<br \/>\nChapter 14. Barometric Fluctuations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Seasonal Pressure Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Regional Pressure Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Pressure Surge<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Storm Pressure Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Barometric &#8220;Ripples&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Diurnal, Semidiurnal, Terdiurnal Pressure Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Diurnal Pressure Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Semidiurnal Pressure Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Terdiurnal Pressure Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Tidal Pressure Changes<br \/>\nChapter 15. Evaporation and Condensation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; Evaporation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Evaporation into Still Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Evaporation into a Steady Horizontal Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Evaporation in the Open<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Salinity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Dryness of the Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Velocity of the Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Barometric Pressure<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Area of Surface<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperature of Water<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Energy Equations of Evaporation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Empirical Evaporation Equations<br \/>\n &#8211; Condensation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Condensation Due to Contact Cooling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Condensation Due to Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Condensation Due to Mixing<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Condensation Due to Dynamic Cooling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8220;Peeudoadiabatic&#8221; Convection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Tephigram, or T (temprature) &#8211; phi (entropy) &#8211; gram<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Principal Forms of Condensation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; How Raindrops Are Formed<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Mass Grouping of Raindrops<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Velocity of Fall of Raindrops<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Intensity of Precipitation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Why the Atmosphere Generally Is Unsaturated<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Summer and Winter Precipitation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Summer Daytime and Nighttime Precipitation in the United States<br \/>\nChapter 16. Fogs and Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Distinction between Fog and Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; Fogs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Radiation Fog<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Advection Fog<br \/>\n &#8211; Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Classification<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cirrus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cirrostratus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cirrocumulus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Altostratus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Altocumulus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Stratocumulus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Nimbostratus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Fractonimbus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cumulus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Fractocumulus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cumulonimbus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Stratus<br \/>\n &#8211; Special Cloud Forms<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Billow Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Lenticular Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Crest Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Banner Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Scarf Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; False Cirrus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Mammatocumulus<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Tornado or Funnel Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Nacreous Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Noctilucent Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; Cloud Heights<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relation to Humidity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Levels of Maximum Cloudiness<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Regions of Minimum Cloudiness<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cloud Depth or Thickness<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cloud Velocities<br \/>\nChapter 17. The Thunderstorm<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Origin of Thunderstorm Electricity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Violent Motions of Cumulus Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Conventional Instability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Periodic Recurrence of Thunderstorms<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Daily Land Period<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Daily Ocean Period<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Yearly Land Period<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Yearly Ocean Period<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cyclic Land Period<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cyclic Ocean Period<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Geographic Distribution<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Frequency of Thunderstorms and Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Pressure and Temperature Distribution<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thunderstorm Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Squall Cloud<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Schematic Illustrations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thunderstorm Pressures<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thunderstorm Temperatures<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thunderstorm Humidity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8220;Rain-gush&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thunderstorm Velocity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Hail<br \/>\nChapter 18. Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Streak Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Rocket Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ball Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sheet Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Beaded Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Return Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Dark Lightning<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Duration<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Length of Streak<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Discharge, Where to Where?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Discharges Direct, Not Alternating<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Direction of Discharge<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Visibility<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Spectrum<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Thunder<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Rumbling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Distance Heard<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; The Ceraunograph<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Chemical Effects<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Explosive Effects<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Crushing Effects<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Quantity of Electricity in Discharge<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Energy and Power of Discharge<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Danger<br \/>\n &#8211; Lightning Protection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Conductors<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Terminals<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; System<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Joints<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Bends<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Attachment<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ground Connections<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Connection to Neighboring Conductors<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Special Dangers<br \/>\n<strong>Part 2. Atmospheric Electricity and Auroras<\/strong><br \/>\nChapter 1. Atmospheric Electricity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Chief Discoveries<br \/>\n &#8211; Electrical Field of the Earth<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Instruments<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Potential Gradient Near the Surface<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Location Effect<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Annual Variation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Diurnal Variation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Potential Gradient and Meteorological Elements<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Dust Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Potential Gradient and Elevation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Surface and Volume Charges, Etc.<br \/>\n &#8211; Electrical Conductivities of the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Annual Variation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Diurnal Variation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relation to Weather<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Conductivity and Elevation<br \/>\n &#8211; Ionic Content of the Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ionic Density<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Ionic Velocity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Large or Langevin Ions<br \/>\n &#8211; Electric Currents in the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Radioactive Content of the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Penetrating Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; Origin and Maintenance of the Earth&#8217;s Charge<br \/>\nChapter 2. Aurora Polaris<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Types<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Latitude Variation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Periodicity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Color<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Height<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Cause<br \/>\n<strong>Part 3. Meteorological Acoustics<\/strong><br \/>\nChapter 1. Meteorological Effects on Sound<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Nature of Sound<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Seeing Sound<br \/>\n &#8211; Velocity of Sound<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Velocity of Sound in Still Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relation of Sound Velocity to Condition of Air<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Doppler Effect<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sound Perception in the Inverse Order of Sound Production<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Velocity of Intense Sounds<br \/>\n &#8211; Sound Reflection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Reflection by a Rigid Surface<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Reflection by a Free Surface<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Reflection at an Air Interface<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Laws of Sound Reflection<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Echo<br \/>\n &#8211; Sound Refraction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sound Refraction in Still Air of Uniform Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Spread of Sound<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sound Refration by Straightaway Winds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Zones of Silence<br \/>\n &#8211; Locating by Sound<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sound Pointing<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sound Ranging, Dissipation of Sound<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sounds to and from Elevated Points<br \/>\nChapter 2. Sounds of Meteorological Origin<br \/>\n &#8211; Creaking of Snow<br \/>\n &#8211; Thunder<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Musical Thunder<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Duration<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Rumbling<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Distance Heard<br \/>\n &#8211; Brontides<br \/>\n &#8211; Howling of the Wind<br \/>\n &#8211; Humming of Wires<br \/>\n &#8211; Whispering of Trees<br \/>\n &#8211; Murmuring of Forest<br \/>\n &#8211; Roaring of the Mountain<br \/>\n &#8211; Odds and Ends<br \/>\n<strong>Part 4. Atmospheric Optics<\/strong><br \/>\nChapter 1. Perspective Phenomena<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Apparent Stair-step Ascent of Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Apparent Arching of Cloud bands<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Apparent Divergence and Convergence of Crepuscular Rays<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Apparent Divergence of Auroral Streamers<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Apparent Shape (Flat Vault) of the Sky<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Change with Elevation of Apparent Size of Sun and Moon<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Change with Elevation of Apparent distance between Stars<br \/>\nChapter 2. <del>Reflection<\/del><ins>Refraction<\/ins> Phenomena: Atmosperic Refraction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Astronomical Refraction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Scintillation or Twinkling and Unsteadiness of Stars<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Scintillation of Planets, Sun and Moon<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Nature of Irregularities<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Shadow Bands<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Terrestrial Scintillation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Shimmering<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Optical Haze<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Times of Rising and Setting of Sun, Moon, and Stars<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Green Flash<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Terrestrial Refraction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Looming<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Towering<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sinking<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Stooping<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Superior Mirage<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Inferior Mirage<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Lateral Mirage<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Fata Morgana<br \/>\nChapter 3. Refraction Phenomena: Refraction by Water Drops<br \/>\n &#8211; Rainbow<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Principal Bows<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Supernumarary Bows<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Deviation in Direction of Emerging from Entering Ray<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Minimum Deviation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Entering and Emerging Rays<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Formation of the Bow<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Minimum Brightness between Primary and Secondary Bows<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Origin of Supernumerary Bows<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Equation of Portion of Outgoing Wave Front near Ray of Minimum Deviation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Intensity and Its Variation with Angular Distance from the Ray of Minimum Deviation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Distribution of Colors in the Rainbow<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relation of Size of Drop and Wave Length to Intensity<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Popular Questions about the Rainbow<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Reflected Rainbows<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Reflection Rainbows<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Horizontal Rainbow<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Why There Is No Visible Rainbow without Internal Reflection<br \/>\nChapter 4. Refraction Phenomena: Refraction by Ice Crystals<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Prismatic Refraction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Deviation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Minimum Deviation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Refraction of Skew Rays<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Alternative Derivation of Bravais&#8217; Laws of Refraction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Internal Total Reflection and Its Effect on th Passage of Light through Ice Crystals<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; General Illumination of the Sky through Ice Crystals<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Parhelia of 22 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Halo of 22 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Arcs of Lowitz, or Vertical Arcs of the 22 deg. Parhelia<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Tangent Arcs of Halo of 22 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Frequency of Horizontal and Rarity of Vertical Tangent Arcs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Parry and Parryoid Arcs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Parhelia of 46 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Halo of 46 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Halo of 90 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Antisolar Halo of 44 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Antisolar Halo of 38 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Circumzenithal Arc<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Kern&#8217;s Arc<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Circumhorizontal Arc<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Lateral Tangent Arcs of Halo of 46 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Infralateral Tangent Arcs of Halo of 46 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Supralateral Tangent Arcs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Halos of Unusual Radii<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Secondary Halos<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Singular Halos<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Horizontal Halos<br \/>\nChapter 5. Reflection Phenomena<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Parhelic Circle<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Anthelion<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Anthelic Borders<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Anthelic Arcs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Oblique Heliac Arcs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Parhelia of 120 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Perhelia of 90 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Perhelia of Variable Position<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Parhelic Arcs of 120 deg.<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Pillars<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Crosses<br \/>\n &#8211; Recent Halo Complexes<br \/>\nChapter 6. Diffraction Phenomena<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Coronas<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Aureole<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Size of Cloud Particles<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Droplets vs. Ice Needles as Producers of Coronas<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Iridescent Clouds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Bishop&#8217;s Ring<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Glory or Brocken-bow<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Heiligenschein<br \/>\nChapter 7. Phenomena Due to Scattering: Color of the Sky<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Early Ideas<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Modern Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Extinction Coefficient<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sky Brightness<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Prevailing Color<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Twilight Colors<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Duration of Twilight<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Twilight Illumination<br \/>\nChapter 8. Phenomena Due to Scattering: Sky Polarization<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Condition of Primary Scattered Light<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Condition of Secondary Scattered Light<br \/>\n<strong>Part 5. Factors of Climatic Control<\/strong><br \/>\nChapter 1. General Summary<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; Facts of Climatic Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; Existing Factors of Climatic Control<br \/>\nChapter 2. Principal Ice-Age Theories<br \/>\n &#8211; Factors 3, 4, 5, 6, 7<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (3) Solar Variation Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (4, 5, 6) Croll&#8217;s Eccentricity Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (7) Carbon Dioxide Theory<br \/>\nChapter 3. (8) Vulcanism: Theory<br \/>\n &#8211; Gaseous Contribution to the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; Change in Surface Covering<br \/>\n &#8211; Dust in the Upper Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Physical Structure of the Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Size of Volcanic Dust Particle<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Times of Fall<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Action of Dust on Solar Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Action of Dust on Terrestrial Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Number of Dust Particles<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperature Correction Due to Dust Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Total Quantity of Dust<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Effect of Dust on the Interzonal Temperature Gradient<br \/>\nChapter 4. Vulcanicm: Observational<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Pyrheliometric Records<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperatures at the Surface of the Earth<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Relation of World Temperatures to Pyrheliometric Values<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Sun Spots and Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Combined Effect of Insolation and Sun-spot Influence on Atmospheric Temperatures<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Temperature Variations Since 1750 as Influenced by Sun Spots and Volcanic Eruptions<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Volcanic Disturbances of Atmospheric Temperature Since 1750<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Magnitude and Importance of Actual Temperature Changes<br \/>\nChapter 5. Other Factors of Climatic Control<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; <del>(8)<\/del><ins>(9)<\/ins> Sun Spots<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; How Sun Spots May Change Earth Temperatures<br \/>\n &#8211; Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (10) Land Elevation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (11) Changes in Land Area<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (12, 13) Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Present Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; Possible Changes in Oceanic Circulation and the Obvious Climatic Results<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (14) Surface Covering<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; (15) Locations of Continents<br \/>\n &#8211; Chronological Relation of Geological Events<br \/>\n &#8211; Conclusion<br \/>\nAppendix 1. Gradient Wind Veolcity Tables<br \/>\n &#8211; Table 1. Gradient Wind Velocity for Cyclonic Movement<br \/>\n &#8211; Table 2. Gradient Wind Velocity for Anticyclonic Movement<br \/>\nAppendix 2. Constants and Equivalents<br \/>\n &#8211; Standard Values<br \/>\n &#8211; Temperature Scales<br \/>\n &#8211; Linear Equivalents<br \/>\n &#8211; Veolcity Equivalents<br \/>\n &#8211; Weight Equivalents<br \/>\n &#8211; Pressure Equivalents<br \/>\n &#8211; Black-body Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; Wind Pressure<br \/>\nIndex<br \/>\n\u5dfb\u672b\u6298\u308a\u3053\u307f\u306e\u56f3 Fig. 227 (Part 5, Chap 4, p. 613 \u304b\u3089\u53c2\u7167\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b)<br \/>\n===== \u3053\u3053\u307e\u3067 =====<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>W. J. Humphreys, (1920, 1929) 1940: Physics of the Air (Third Edition). New York and London: McGraw-Hill, 676  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12513","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12513","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12513"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12513\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12659,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12513\/revisions\/12659"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12513"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12513"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12513"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}