{"id":11420,"date":"2023-11-04T18:08:02","date_gmt":"2023-11-04T09:08:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=11420"},"modified":"2023-11-14T12:25:00","modified_gmt":"2023-11-14T03:25:00","slug":"takehiko-mikami-%e4%b8%89%e4%b8%8a-%e5%b2%b3%e5%bd%a6-2023-the-climate-of-japan-present-and-past","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=11420","title":{"rendered":"Takehiko Mikami [\u4e09\u4e0a \u5cb3\u5f66] (2023)  The Climate of Japan &#8212; Present and Past"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Takehiko <strong>Mikami<\/strong>, 2023: <em>The Climate of Japan &#8212; Present and Past<\/em> (Advances in Global Change Research <strong>77<\/strong>). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., 210 pp. ISBN 978-981-99-5157-4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A5\u5224 \u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u306e\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30ab\u30d0\u30fc\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f 2023\u5e74 9\u6708\u306b\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u696d\u8005\u306e\u6d0b\u66f8\u306e\u901a\u4fe1\u8ca9\u58f2\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306b\u51fa\u305f\u306e\u3092\u898b\u3066\u6ce8\u6587\u3057\u300110\u6708\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6c17\u5019\u5b66\u8005\u3067 \u6771\u4eac\u90fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66 \u540d\u8a89\u6559\u6388 \u306e \u4e09\u4e0a \u5cb3\u5f66 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Japanese)\u300d\u3092\u305d\u3048\u305f\u5f62\u3067\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u691c\u7d22\u304c\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u5024\u6bb5\u306f (\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u6d0b\u66f8\u696d\u8005\u304b\u3089\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u3068\u304d) 3\u4e07\u5186\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7de8\u96c6\u306b\u3066\u307e\u304c\u304b\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306a\u304f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u5186\u304c\u30b7\u30f3\u30ac\u30dd\u30fc\u30eb\u30c9\u30eb\u306b\u304f\u3089\u3079\u3066\u3082\u5b89\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3053\u3046\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u306a\u3069\u306b\u306f\u3059\u3059\u3081\u306b\u304f\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u56f3\u66f8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8cb7\u3063\u3066\u307b\u3057\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002(Springer 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E-METROS (Extended METROS\u3001\u5e83\u57df METROS) \u306e\u6210\u679c\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u3066\u306e\u3079\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002METROS \u306f \u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u6559\u6750\u3068\u3057\u3066\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u3064\u304b\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u767e\u8449\u7bb1\u306b\u6e29\u5ea6\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u3068\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30ed\u30ac\u30fc\u3092\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u6c17\u6e29\u3092\u89b3\u6e2c\u3057\u305f\u3002\u521d\u671f\u306f\u6771\u4eac\u90fd\u306e\u4e8b\u696d\u3067\u90fd\u5185\u306b\u304b\u304e\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u8fd1\u96a3\u306e\u770c\u306b\u3072\u308d\u3052\u3089\u308c\u305f\u306e\u304c E-METROS 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\u8ca1\u57ce [Zaiki] \u771f\u5bff\u7f8e \u3055\u3093 (\u6210\u8e4a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388) \u304c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u9032\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u30104.1.3 \u7bc0\u306e\u56f3 4.20, 4.22 \u306b\u3057\u3081\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u306b\u3088\u308b\u51fd\u9928\u3067\u306e1859-1862\u5e74\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u5024\u306f\u3001\u590f\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u304c\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306b\u304f\u3089\u3079\u3066\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u306b\u4f4e\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u6587\u732e\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u6c17\u6e29\u3092\u30bb\u30eb\u30b7\u30a6\u30b9\u5ea6 (\u2103) \u306e\u6570\u5024\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u51fa\u7248\u5f8c\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3057\u304c\u8457\u8005\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3001\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u306e\u6c17\u8c61\u89b3\u6e2c\u5831\u544a\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u76ee\u76db\u308a\u306f\u300c\u30ec\u30aa\u30df\u30e5\u30fc\u30eb\u5ea6 (<sup>o<\/sup>R) \u300d\u307e\u305f\u306f octog&eacute;simal \u3068\u3088\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u6c37\u70b9\u30920\u3001\u6c34\u306e\u6cb8\u70b9\u309280\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u89e3\u91c8\u3057\u306a\u304a\u3059\u3068\u3001\u3053\u306e\u671f\u9593\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u306f1881\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u3068\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3044\u540c\u3058\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u5e81\u306e\u524d\u8eab\u306e\u6e2c\u5019\u6240\u3068\u540c\u6642\u671f\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6c34\u8def\u90e8\u306e\u7ba1\u8f44\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u706f\u53f0\u3067\u3082\u6a5f\u5668\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c17\u8c61\u89b3\u6e2c\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u8457\u8005\u3068\u8ca1\u57ce\u3055\u3093\u306f\u305d\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u8a18\u9332\u306e\u5229\u7528\u306b\u3082\u3068\u308a\u304f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.2\u7bc0\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u8a18\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u6bce\u65e5\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u306e\u5229\u7528\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u304b\u306a\u3089\u305a\u3057\u3082\u4e16\u754c\u5171\u901a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u306f\u65e5\u8a18\u306b\u5929\u6c17\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u7fd2\u6163\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u591a\u6570\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5409\u6751 \u7a14 \u3055\u3093 (\u5c71\u68a8\u5927\u5b66 \u540d\u8a89\u6559\u6388) \u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u6b74\u53f2\u5929\u5019\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u300d (HWDB) \u304c\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.3\u7bc0\u306f\u3001\u6e56\u306e\u7d50\u6c37\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u306e\u5229\u7528\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8acf\u8a2a\u6e56\u306e\u300c\u304a\u307f\u308f\u305f\u308a\u300d\u306f\u3001\u6c37\u304c\u5727\u529b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u308a\u3042\u304c\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u65e5\u4ed8\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u306f 1444 \u5e74\u304b\u3089\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u6307\u6a19\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7b2c2\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6226\u524d\u306b\u85e4\u539f\u54b2\u5e73\u304c\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u3001\u8352\u5ddd\u79c0\u4fca\u304c1954\u5e74\u306b\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u3002\u8457\u8005\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3067\u4fee\u58eb (\u306e\u3061\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3067\u535a\u58eb) \u3092\u3068\u3063\u305f \u9577\u8c37\u5ddd (\u65e7\u59d3 \u77f3\u9ed2) \u76f4\u5b50\u3055\u3093 (\u304a\u8336\u306e\u6c34\u5927 \u51c6\u6559\u6388) \u304c\u3001\u3061\u304b\u3054\u308d\u305d\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u518d\u958b\u3057\u3066\u795e\u793e\u306e\u8a18\u9332\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u3063\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u306a\u304a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6d25\u8efd\u534a\u5cf6\u306e\u5341\u4e09\u6e56\u306e 1705\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u306e\u7d50\u6c37\u30fb\u89e3\u6c37\u306e\u65e5\u4ed8\u304c\u5f18\u524d\u85e9\u65e5\u8a18\u306b\u8a18\u9332\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u9577\u8c37\u5ddd\u3055\u3093\u3068\u8457\u8005\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u9032\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b2c5\u7ae0<\/strong>\u306f\u3001\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u3067\u3057\u3081\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5fa9\u5143\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6c17\u5019\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u77e5\u898b\u306e\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n5.1 \u7bc0\u306f\u53f0\u98a8\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u706f\u53f0\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u3088\u308b1882\u5e74\u306e\u53f0\u98a8\u306e\u6c17\u5727\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u30b7\u30fc\u30dc\u30eb\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6a5f\u5668\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u65e5\u8a18\u306a\u3069\u306b\u3088\u308b1828\u5e74\u306e\u53f0\u98a8\u306e\u5f37\u3055\u3068\u7d4c\u8def\u306e\u63a8\u5b9a\u3001\u6c17\u8c61\u5e81\u3068\u706f\u53f0\u306b\u304f\u308f\u3048\u3066\u8239\u306b\u3088\u308b\u89b3\u6e2c\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u304f\u307f\u3042\u308f\u305b\u305f1880\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u4e0a\u9678\u3057\u305f\u53f0\u98a8\u306e\u7d71\u8a08(\u3053\u308c\u306f\u4e45\u4fdd\u7530\u5c1a\u4e4b\u3055\u3093\u306b\u3088\u308b) \u306e\u8a71\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n5.2 \u7bc0\u306f\u3001\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u63a8\u5b9a\u3067\u30015.2.1 \u7bc0\u306f\u65e5\u8a18\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u306e\u96e8\u3068\u96ea\u306e\u6bd4\u7387\u304b\u3089\u51ac\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068 (\u5e73\u91ce \u6df3\u5e73 \u3055\u3093\u306b\u3088\u308b)\u30015.2.2 \u7bc0\u306f\u3001\u521d\u671f\u306e\u6a5f\u5668\u89b3\u6e2c\u3001\u65e5\u8a18\u3001\u6e56\u306e\u7d50\u6c37\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u304f\u307f\u3042\u308f\u305b\u3066\u51ac\u306e\u5b63\u7bc0\u98a8\u578b\u306e\u51fa\u73fe\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068 (\u5e73\u91ce\u3055\u3093\u306b\u3088\u308b)\u30015.2.3 \u7bc0\u306f\u964d\u6c34\u65e5\u6570\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u3066\u590f\u306e\u6c17\u6e29\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068 (\u6771\u4eac\u306f\u8457\u8005\u3001\u5e83\u5cf6\u306f\u5e73\u91ce\u3055\u3093\u306b\u3088\u308b)\u30025.2.4 \u7bc0\u306f\u6c17\u8c61\u707d\u5bb3\u3067\u3001\u7de8\u7e82\u3055\u308c\u305f\u707d\u5bb3\u8cc7\u6599\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u304f\u7d71\u8a08 (\u7530\u4e0a \u5584\u592b \u3055\u3093\u306b\u3088\u308b) \u304c\u3057\u3081\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u306e\u5927\u96ea\u3092\u3069\u3046\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u304b\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u304c\u3042\u308b\u30025.2.5 \u7bc0\u306f\u5929\u660e\u306e\u304d\u304d\u3093 (1783-84\u5e74) \u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u65e5\u672c\u5217\u5cf6\u898f\u6a21\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u5206\u5e03\u304c\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n5.3 \u7bc0\u306f\u3001\u685c\u306e\u958b\u82b1 (\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u82b1\u898b) \u306e\u65e5\u4ed8\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u304f\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u63a8\u5b9a\u3067\u3001\u304a\u3082\u306b \u9752\u91ce \u9756\u4e4b\u3055\u3093 (\u5927\u962a\u516c\u7acb\u5927\u5b66) \u3068\u305d\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n5.4 \u7bc0\u306f (\u3053\u308c\u306f\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u3067\u3057\u3081\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f) \u81ea\u7136\u7269\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c17\u5019\u5fa9\u5143\u63a8\u5b9a\u306e\u4f8b\u3067\u3001\u962a\u53e3 \u8c4a\u3055\u3093\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5c3e\u702c\u304c\u539f\u306e\u6ce5\u70ad\u4e2d\u306e\u82b1\u7c89\u306b\u3088\u308b 7600\u5e74\u9593\u306e\u5bd2\u6696\u306e\u6642\u7cfb\u5217 (\u962a\u53e3 (1989) \u300e<em>\u5c3e\u702c\u30f6\u539f\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u53f2<\/em>\u300f <a href=\"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=9595\">[\u8aad\u66f8\u30e1\u30e2]<\/a>) \u304c\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n== \u76ee\u6b21 ==<br \/>\nPreface<br \/>\nContents<br \/>\n1. Introduction<br \/>\n2. Climate and Weather in Japan<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.1 Japan&#8217;s Climate with Large Regional Differences<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1.1 Japan&#8217;s Climate from a Global Perspective<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1.2 Major Air Masses Affecting the Climate of Japan<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1.3 Mean Annual Temperature, Precipitation and Sunshine Duration<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1.4 Annual Variations in Mean Monthly Temperature and Precipitation<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.2 Seasonal Variations in the Climate of Japan<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.1 Mean Seasons and Temperature and Precipitation Distributions in Japan<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.2 Winter<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.3 Spring<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.4 Rainy Season in Early Summer<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.5 Midsummer Season<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.6 Autumn Rainy Season<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2.7 Late Autumn<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.3 Extreme Weather and Teleconnection Patterns<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3.1 Cold and Warm Winters<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3.2 Cool and Hot Summers<br \/>\n &#8211; References<br \/>\n3. Climate Change in Japan Since the 20th Century<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.1 Official Meteorological Observation System in Japan<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.1.2 Relocation of JMA Tokyo Meteorological Observatory and Its Effect<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.2 Climate Variations in Japan Since the 20th Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.1 Temperature Variations Since the 20th Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.2 Precipitation Variations Since the 20th Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.3 Flood Disasters and Climate Change<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.3 Climate Change in the Mega-City Tokyo<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.3.1 Temperature Vatiations Since the 20th Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.3.2 Precipitation Variations Since the 20th Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.3.3 Aridification of Tokyo Due to Urbanization<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.4 Urban Heat Islands in Tokyo Metropolis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.4.1 High-Resolution Temperature Observation System in Tokyo Metropolis<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.4.2 Summer Temperature Distributions in Tokyo<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.4.3 Anthropogenic Energy Consumption in Tokyo<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.4.4 Artificial Urban Surfaces in Tokyo<br \/>\n &#8211; References<br \/>\n4. Climate Information from Pre-Nineteenth Century Data and Documents<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.1 Early Meteorological Observations in the Nineteenth Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.1 Early Meteorological Observations in Nagasaki<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.2 Early Meteorological Observations in Tokyo and Yokohama<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.3 Early Meteorological Observations at the Russian Consulate in Hakodate<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.4 Mid-Nineteenth Century Temperature Observations by a Merchant of the Mito Domain<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.5 Meteorological Observations in Naha (Okinawa) in the Mid-Nineteenth Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.6 Lighthouse Meteorological Observations in Japan<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.2 Diary Weather Records Since the Seventeenth Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.1 Location and Duration of Diary Weather Recoreds<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.2 Weather Recoreds of the Two-Century Hirosaki Domain Diary and Their Databasing<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.3 Historical Weather Database (HWDB)<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.3 Long-Term Records of Lake Ice Freeze-Up \/ Break-Up Dates<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.1 Records of Freeze-Up and Ice Pressure Ridge at Lake Suwa Since 1444<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.2 Records of Ice Freeze-Up \/ Break-Up at Lake Jusan During 1705-1860<br \/>\n &#8211; References<br \/>\n5. Climate Recunstructions for Historical Periods<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.1 Attempts to Reconstruct Typhoon Tracks and Intensity from Early Weather Records<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.1.1 Reconstruction of the 1882 Typhoon Weather Map Using Lighthouse Observation Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.1.2 Reconstruction of the Intensity and Track of the 1828 Siebold Typhoon<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.1.3 Variability of Typhoons that Hit Japan After the Mid-Nineteenth Century<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.2 Climate Reconstructions from Diary Weather Records Since the Eighteenth Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.1 Winter Temperature Reconstruction Based on the Snowfall Ratio Obtained from Diary Weather Records<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.2 Winter Monsoon Climate Reconstructions from the 1840s &#8211; 1850s Based on Early Meteorological Data and Historical Documentary Records<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.3 Summer Temperature Variations Reconstructed from Precipitation Frequency: The Case Studies of Tokyo and Hiroshima<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.4 Meteorological Disasters from the Seventh to Nineteenth Century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.5 Great Famines and Climate Change in the 1780s<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.3 Climate Reconstruction from Records of Full-Flowering Dates for Cherry Trees Over the Past 1200 Years<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.4 Climate Reconstructions from Pollen in the Highland Moors in Central Japan Over the Past 7600 Years<br \/>\n &#8211; References<br \/>\n6. Conclusions<br \/>\n==========<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Takehiko Mikami, 2023: The Climate of Japan &#8212; Present and Past (Advances in Global Change Research 77).  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11420","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11420"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11420\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11500,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11420\/revisions\/11500"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11420"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11420"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11420"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}