{"id":11356,"date":"2023-09-13T08:48:54","date_gmt":"2023-09-12T23:48:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=11356"},"modified":"2025-09-29T23:03:26","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T14:03:26","slug":"christian-pfister-heinz-wanner-2021-climate-and-society-in-europe-the-last-thousand-years","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=11356","title":{"rendered":"Christian Pfister &#038; Heinz Wanner (2021) Climate and Society in Europe &#8212; the Last Thousand Years."},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Christian <strong>Pfister<\/strong> &#038; Heinz <strong>Wanner<\/strong> (translated by Angela <strong>Wade<\/strong>), 2021: <em>Climate and Society in Europe: the Last Thousand Years<\/em>. Bern: Haupt Verlag, 397 pp. ISBN 978-3-258-08234-9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2021\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001A5\u5224\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u304fB5\u5224\u3088\u308a\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u5224\u5f62\u306e\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30ab\u30d0\u30fc\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f2021\u5e74\u672b\u306b\u6d0b\u66f8\u5c4b\u3055\u3093\u306e\u901a\u4fe1\u8ca9\u58f2\u306e\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u3067\u898b\u3064\u3051\u3066\u6ce8\u6587\u3057\u30012022\u5e742\u6708\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Pfister\u3055\u3093\u306f Bern\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u30671990\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u306b\u306f\u3059\u3067\u306b\u6b74\u53f2\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u4eca\u3082active\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002Wanner\u3055\u3093\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u672c\u306e\u7de8\u8457\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3068\u304d\u3069\u304d\u898b\u304b\u3051\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u306f\u30d9\u30eb\u30f3\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8 http:\/\/haupt.ch \u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u898b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068 Forbidden \u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002Twitter \u30a2\u30ab\u30a6\u30f3\u30c8 @HauptVerlag \u3092\u307f\u3064\u3051\u305f\u306e\u3067\u304d\u3044\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3089\u3001\u30a6\u30a7\u30d6\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3067\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u5916\u304b\u3089\u306e\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u62d2\u5426\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u305d\u3046\u3060\u3002\u4e0d\u6e80\u3060\u304c\u304f\u3044\u3055\u304c\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3002(\u30b9\u30a4\u30b9\u306f\u5b66\u8853\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306f\u9ad8\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u306f\u5730\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u8a9e\u570f\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u51fa\u7248\u696d\u306f\u65e7\u897f\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u66f8\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306f\u3001\u897f\u66a61000\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u4ee5\u5f8c\u306e\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u3092\u3001\u4eba\u304c\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u6587\u66f8\u306e\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5fa9\u5143\u63a8\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3060\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u6c17\u5019\u306e\u5fa9\u5143\u63a8\u5b9a\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u6bce\u65e5\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u3092\u3075\u304f\u3080\u65e5\u8a18\u304c\u3064\u304b\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306b\u3082\u6bce\u65e5\u306e\u5929\u6c17\u3092\u3075\u304f\u3080\u65e5\u8a18\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c (\u672c\u66f84-4-3\u7bc0\u300194-97\u30da\u30fc\u30b8)\u3001\u3081\u305a\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u304a\u3082\u306a\u6750\u6599\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8b70\u8ad6\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3080\u305a\u304b\u3057\u3044\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002\u3064\u304b\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6750\u6599\u306f\u3001\u8fb2\u4f5c\u7269\u306e\u53ce\u7a6b\u65e5\u4ed8\u3068\u304b\u3001\u5ddd\u306e\u6c37\u306a\u3069\u306e\u81ea\u7136\u7269\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u306a\u3069\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u306f\u30011\u5e74\u3092\u56db\u5b63\u306b\u308f\u3051\u305f\u3046\u3048\u3067\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u8a18\u9332\u3092\u3001\u5bd2\u6696\u3068\u4e7e\u6e7f\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c -3 \u304b\u3089 +3 \u307e\u3067\u306e7\u6bb5\u968e\u306e\u6307\u6a19\u306b\u3057\u3066\u96c6\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u6bce\u5e74\u306e\u56db\u5b63\u306e\u5bd2\u6696\u30fb\u4e7e\u6e7f\u306e\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5f97\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u672c\u6587\u3067\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u51ac\u3068\u590f\u306f\u897f\u66a6 1000\u5e74\u4ee5\u5f8c\u3001\u6625\u306f1200\u5e74\u4ee5\u5f8c\u3001\u79cb\u306f1400\u5e74\u4ee5\u5f8c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u6b21\u306b\u3064\u3065\u3044\u3066 Online appendix \u306e\u7d39\u4ecb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002URL https:\/\/boris.unibe.ch\/id\/eprint\/148155 \u306f\u6b63\u3057<del>\u3044<\/del><ins>\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/ins>\u304c\u3001<ins>2025-09-29 \u73fe\u5728\u3001\u7121\u52b9\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/ins> DOI \u306f \u672c\u66f8\u306b\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f 10.7892\/boris.148155 \u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f 10.48350\/148155 \u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u672c\u66f8\u306b\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f Table 4 \u307e\u3067\u3088\u308a\u3082\u62e1\u5145\u3055\u308c\u3066 Table 9 \u307e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001<del>2023-09-13<\/del> <ins>2025-09-29<\/ins> \u73fe\u5728 boris \u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u306b\u3042\u308b\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb <ins>(Version 2, December 2023)<\/ins> \u306e\u3046\u3061 Table 4 \u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u304c\u3001\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u540d\u3068\u3061\u304c\u3044\u3001(\u73fe\u5728\u306e) Table 1 \u3068\u540c\u3058\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u3067\u3064\u304b\u308f\u308c\u305f\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u51fa\u5178\u6587\u732e\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306f\u6b8b\u5ff5\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u307e\u3060\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u305b\u307e\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3068\u3044\u3042\u308f\u305b\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b \u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n== \u76ee\u6b21 ==<br \/>\nTable of contents<br \/>\nPreface<br \/>\nAbbreviations<br \/>\n1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.1 The switch to rapid warming &#8212; a new comparative basis in climate history<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.2 Two scientific cultures<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.3 Common ground<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.4 The climate system<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.5 The global energy balance &#8212; driver of the climate system<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.6 What determined the Holocene energy and temperature flucutations?<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.7 Circulation, energy and mass exchange &#8212; basic elements of climate dynamics<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.8 Forcing disturbances and internal variability generate climate change<br \/>\n &#8211; 1.9 The structure of the book<br \/>\n2. &Ouml;tzi&#8217;s wake-up call<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.2 Facing a Neolithic mummy<br \/>\n &#8211; Insert 2A: The most throughly investigated body in the world<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.3 &Ouml;tzi&#8217;s last hike<br \/>\n &#8211; Insert 2B: The longer-term climatic background<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.4 &Ouml;tzi and the mid-Holocene transition to cooler climate<br \/>\n &#8211; 2.5 Conclusion<br \/>\n3. The long arm of Tambora<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.2 Dark night to midday<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.3 A global weather chaos<br \/>\n &#8211; Insert 3A: Disaster alert in a mountain valley<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.4 Europe&#8217;s last subsistence crisis<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.5 Contrasting vulnerabilities<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.6 Too many hunger refugees<br \/>\n &#8211; Insert 3B: The birtu of Frankenstein and Dracula<br \/>\n &#8211; 3.7 Conclusion<br \/>\n4. From weather narratives to climate science<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.2 An animated environment<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.3 Developing weather chronicles<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.1 The Graeco-Arabic legacy<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.2 The 12-th century Renaissance<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.3 Reporting under clerical control<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3.4 Outstanding weather chronicles<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.4 Systematic weather reporting<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.4.1 The significance of astrometeorology<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.4.2 Weather reports from the world&#8217;s oceans<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.4.3 Outstanding weather diarists<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.5 The instrumental measurements of the weather<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.5.1 A breeding ground for innovations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.5.2 The establishment of meteorological networks<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.6 A fundamental break<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.6.1 The rise of scientific meteorology and climatology<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.6.2 The exclusion of extreme events<br \/>\n &#8211; 4.7 Summary and conclusion<br \/>\n5. Reconstructing past climate<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.2 Evidence from archives of nature<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.1 Signal detection and dating<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.2 Trees never forget<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.3 Mud with a long-term memory<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.4 Ice cores &#8212; long frozen climate calendars<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.5 Stalagmites &#8212; an archive growing drop by drop<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2.6 Glaciers and treelines &#8212; synthetic integrators of climate change<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.3 Evidence from archives of societies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.1 A puzzle with missing pieces<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.2 How glaciers became pictures<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.3 The blessings of historical administrations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.4 The summer half-year in the light of vine growing<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.3.5 Cultural responses to climatic scenes<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.4 Numbers out of words &#8212; the concept of indices<br \/>\n &#8211; 5.5 Outlook to Chapters 6 to 8<br \/>\n6. European climate &#8212; present and past<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.1 The European topography at a glance<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.2 Spatial overview of current Eueopean climate<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.3 A 1000-year-long overview<br \/>\n &#8211; 6.4 A 1000-year-long simulation<br \/>\n7. The High Medieval Period 1000 to 1300 AD<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.1 Introduction and guide to source references<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.2 A warm peak around 1000 AD<br \/>\n &#8211; Instert 7A: Viking on a voyage of discovery &#8212; from Iceland to the New World<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.3 The 11th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.3.1 Winters from 1000 to 1099<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Instert 7B: The Road to Canossa &#8212; pure fiction?<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.3.2 Summers from 1000 to 1099<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.3.3 General climatic conditions in the 11th century<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.4 The 12th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.4.1 Winters from 1100 to 1199<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.4.2 Summers from 1100 to 1199<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.4.3 General climatic conditions in the 12th century<br \/>\n &#8211; 7.5 The 13th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.5.1 Winters from 1200 to 1299<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.5.2 Springs from 1200 to 1299<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.5.3 Summers from 1200 to 1299<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 7C: Olive trees in Cologne<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 7.5.4 General climatic conditions in the 13th century<br \/>\n8. The Boreal Little Ice Age and the Short Twentieth Century<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.2 The fateful 14th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.2.1 Winters from 1300 to 1399<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.2.2 Springs from 1300 to 1399<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.2.3 Summers from 1300 to 1399<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8A: the millennium flood of July 1342<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.2.4 General climatic conditions in the 14th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8B: The Flowered Alp Saga<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.3 The frosty 15th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.1 Winters from 1400 to 1499<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.2 Springs from 1400 to 1499<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8C: Wolves in Paris<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.3 The 14-month-long heat and drought in 1473 to 1474<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8D: Characteristics of outstanding hot and dry European summers<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.4 Summers from 1400 to 1499<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.5 Autumns from 1400 to 1499<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.3.6 General climatic conditions in the 15th century<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.4 The two-faced 16th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.4.1 Winters from 1500 to 1599<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.4.2 Springs from 1500 to 1599<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.4.3 Summers from 1500 to 1599<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.4.4 The 11-month-long heat and drought in 1540<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.4.5 Autumns from 1500 to 1599<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8E: The fate of the Spanish Armada<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.4.6 Annual temperatures from 1500 to 1599<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.4.7 General cliamtic conditions in the 16th century<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.5 The volatile 17th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.5.1 Winters from 1600 to 1699<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.5.2 Springs from 1600 to 1699<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.5.3 Summers from 1600 to 1699<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8F: The most devastating inferno in peacetime<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.5.4 Autumns from 1600 to 1699<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.5.5 Annual temperatures from 1600 to 1699<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.5.6 General climatic conditions in the 17th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8G: Why the Greenland whales survived<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.6 The quiet 18th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.6.1 Winters from 1700 to 1799<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8H: Sudden Stratospheric Warming and the Big Chill of 1709<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.6.2 Springs from 1700 to 1799<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.6.3 Summers from 1700 to 1799<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8I: Five months of volcanic haze over Europe<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.6.4 Autumns from 1700 to 1799<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.6.5 Annual temperatures from 1700 to 1799<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.6.6 General climatic condition in the 18th century<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.7 The record-breaking cold 19th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.7.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.7.2 Winters from 1800 to 1899<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8J: Events and sporting activities on the ice<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.7.3 Springs from 1800 to 1899<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.7.4 Summers from 1800 to 1899<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.7.5 Autumns from 1800 to 1899<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.7.6 Annual temperatures from 1800 to 1899<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.7.7 General climatic conditions in the 19th century<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.8 The slow-warming 20th century<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.8.1 Winters from 1900 to 1999<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; Insert 8K: Winter 1963 &#8212; the last memory of the Little Ice Age<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.8.2 Springs from 1900 to 1999<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.8.3 Summers form 1900 to 1999<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.8.4 Autumns from 1900 to 1999<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.8.5 Annual temperatures from 1900 to 1999<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 8.8.6 General climatic conditions in the Short Twentieth Century<br \/>\n &#8211; 8.9 Annual temperatures from 1500 to 1999<br \/>\n9. Weather, climate, and the human world<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.2 Population size as s new focus<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.3 The medieval demographic greenhouse<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.4 Setback and stagnation<br \/>\n &#8211; Insert 9A: Biological warfare and the Black Death<br \/>\n &#8211; Insert 9B: Forging the Hammer of Witches<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.5 The two-faced 16th century<br \/>\n &#8211; Insert 9C: The age of with hunts 1570-1630<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.6 A cornucopia of innovations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.6.1 A new momentum in demographic growth<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.6.2 Enforcing quarantine<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.6.3 Modenising agriculture<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.7 Severe famines and overcoming them<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.1 Hunger and climate variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.2 Impacts of climate variability<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.3 The millennium famine of 1195 to 1197<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.4 13th-century famines<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.5 The Great European Famine of 1315-17<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.6 The deadly frost famine of 1437-37<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.7 The Malthusian Famine of 1569-74<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.8 The perennial crisis of 1585-1601<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.9 Famines during the 17th and early 18th centuries<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 9.7.10 Subsistence crises and famines in the late 18th and 19th centuries<br \/>\n &#8211; 9.8 Summeary and conclusion<br \/>\n10. European climate over the last millennium<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.1 The seasonally resolved climate of the period 1000 to 1989 AD<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.1.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.1.2 The evolution of seasonal temperatures prior to the Recent Warming Period (RWP)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.1.3 Forcing factors and the longer-term picture<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.1.4 Seasonal overview of the past millennium climate<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 10.1.5 The transitions from the HMP to the BLIA and from the STC to the RWP<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.2 Glacier fluctuations<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.3 Tree line fluctuations<br \/>\n &#8211; 10.4 Climate and human affairs<br \/>\n11. From slow-going to rapid warming<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.1 Trapped in the greenhouse: From early detection in full manifestation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.1 Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.2 Scientific pioneers and early alerters<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.3 The greenhouse debate reaches the international level<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.4 The greenhouse controversy<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.2 The &#8220;1950s Syndrome&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.3 The sudden transition to sustained warming<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.3.1 The Recent Warm Period (RWP)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 11.3.2 Future climate scenarios<br \/>\n &#8211; 11.4 The rerturn to vulnerability<br \/>\nAnnex<br \/>\nEndnotes<br \/>\nSources<br \/>\nIndex<br \/>\nFigure credits<br \/>\nThanks to the sponsors<br \/>\n==========<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Christian Pfister &#038; Heinz Wanner (translated by Angela Wade), 2021: Climate and Society in Europe: the La [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11356","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11356","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11356"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11356\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12893,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11356\/revisions\/12893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11356"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11356"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11356"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}