{"id":10290,"date":"2021-03-17T14:40:24","date_gmt":"2021-03-17T05:40:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=10290"},"modified":"2021-07-22T05:14:14","modified_gmt":"2021-07-21T20:14:14","slug":"bronnimann-lutherbacher-ewen-diaz-stolarski-neu-%e7%b7%a8-2008-climate-variability-and-extremes-during-the-past-100-years-%e6%9a%ab%e5%ae%9a%e3%83%a1%e3%83%a2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/?p=10290","title":{"rendered":"Br\u00f6nnimann, Luterbacher, Ewen, Diaz,  Stolarski &#038; Neu \u7de8 (2008)  Climate Variability and Extremes during the Past 100 years (\u66ab\u5b9a\u30e1\u30e2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Stefan <strong>Br&ouml;nnimann<\/strong>, J&uuml;rg <strong>Luterbacher<\/strong>, Tracy <strong>Ewen<\/strong>, Henry F. <strong>Diaz<\/strong>, Richard S. <strong>Stolarski<\/strong> &#038; Urs <strong>Neu<\/strong> eds., 2008: <em>Climate Variability and Extremes during the Past 100 years<\/em> (Advances in Global Change Research <strong>33<\/strong>). Springer, 361 pp. ISBN 978-1-4020-6765-5.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>2008\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u305f\u672c\u3002A5\u5224\u306e\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30ab\u30d0\u30fc\u3067\u3001\u7dd1\u8272\u306e\u8868\u7d19\u306e\u672c\u3002\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f2008\u5e745\u6708\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u5730\u7403\u60d1\u661f\u79d1\u5b66\u9023\u5408\u306e\u5927\u4f1a\u306b\u6d0b\u66f8\u5c4b\u3055\u3093\u304c\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5e97\u3067\u8cb7\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u984c\u306f\u3001\u984c\u540d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u6700\u8fd1\u304a\u3088\u305d100\u5e74\u9593(\u3060\u3044\u305f\u3044\u300c20\u4e16\u7d00\u300d)\u306b\u3001\u6c17\u5019\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u52d5\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304b\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u5929\u5019\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304b\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2006\u5e747\u6708\u306b\u30b9\u30a4\u30b9\u3067\u958b\u304b\u308c\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4f1a(workshop)\u3067\u767a\u8868\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u3092\u3082\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u3060\u3002\u30b9\u30a4\u30b9\u304c\u4e3b\u50ac\u3057\u305f\u56fd\u969b\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u3089\u3057\u3044\u3002\u30b9\u30a4\u30b9\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306e\u5831\u544a\u304c\u308f\u308a\u3042\u3044\u591a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u3084\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u304b\u3089\u3001\u304a\u3082\u306b\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u3055\u304b\u306e\u307c\u3063\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u306e\u7de8\u96c6\u3084\u8a55\u4fa1\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4eba\u306b\u5831\u544a\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u767a\u8868\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6027\u683c\u306e\u5831\u544a\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3088\u304f\u307e\u3068\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5b66\u8853\u96d1\u8a8c\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u30022008\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u96d1\u8a8c\u540d\u306e\u3051\u3093\u3068\u3046\u304c\u3064\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3068\u898b\u3064\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u3044\u307e\u306a\u3089\u3070 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\u304c\u3001\u5730\u4e0a\u89b3\u6e2c\u3092\u3042\u3064\u3081\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u305f\u96f2\u91cf\u96c6\u8a08\u5024\u3068\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u3069\u3046\u3057\u3067\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3001\u4e0b\u5c64\u96f2\u91cf\u3084\u5168\u96f2\u91cf\u306e\u5909\u5316\u50be\u5411\u306f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u9593\u3067\u3060\u3044\u3076\u3061\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b(\u5730\u4e0a\u89b3\u6e2c\u306e\u307b\u3046\u306b\u3082\u89b3\u6e2c\u306e\u5730\u70b9\u5206\u5e03\u3084\u89b3\u6e2c\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u5909\u9077\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3046\u308b\u304c)\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001ISCCP\u306e\u5168\u7403\u96c6\u8a08\u5024\u3068\u5404\u5730\u70b9\u3054\u3068\u306e\u5024\u3068\u306e\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u76f8\u95a2\u306e\u7a7a\u9593\u5206\u5e03\u3092\u307f\u308b\u3068\u3001\u9759\u6b62\u885b\u661f\u306e\u8996\u91ce\u306e\u5185\u3068\u5916\u3068\u3067\u3061\u304c\u3046\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002ISCCP\u306e\u96f2\u91cf\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3044\u3046\u554f\u984c\u70b9\u3092\u3075\u304f\u3080\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3002ISCCP\u306e\u96f2\u91cf\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u305f\u5730\u4e0a\u306e\u653e\u5c04\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u30d5\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u3064\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u306f\u91cd\u8981\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001ISCCP\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306e\u96c6\u8a08\u5024\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3001\u96f2\u91cf\u3068\u592a\u967d\u6d3b\u52d5\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5b87\u5b99\u7dda\u3068\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u793a\u5506\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u8a00\u3046\u4eba\u304c\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3053\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u3057\u3081\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3002\u3010\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f2008\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u306b\u306fISCCP\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6570\u5024\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u81ea\u5206\u3067\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3044\u307e\u305d\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u3046\u3057\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u56de\u5fa9\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3051\u306a\u3044\u3068\u611f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>B\u306e\u90e8\u306b\u306f\u3001Wild \u306b\u3088\u308b\u5730\u4e0a\u306e\u65e5\u5c04\u91cf (\u592a\u967d\u653e\u5c04\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u30d5\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u30b9) \u306e\u8a71\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b global dimming \u3068 global brightening \u306e\u8a71\u984c\u304c\u304a\u3082\u3067\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u3088\u308a\u3082\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3092\u898b\u305f\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3088\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6298\u308a\u304b\u3048\u3057\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b \u304f\u308f\u3057\u3044\u76ee\u6b21\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002\u5404\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u8868\u984c\u306e\u3042\u3068\u306b\u300c\/\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3065\u3044\u3066\u8457\u8005\u540d\u3092\u3057\u3081\u3057\u305f\u3002<br \/>\n<!--more--><br \/>\n== \u76ee\u6b21 ==<br \/>\nPreface<br \/>\nContents<br \/>\nContributors<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introductory Paper<\/strong><br \/>\nA Focus on Climate During the Past 100 Years \/S. Br&ouml;nniman, T. Ewen, J. Luterbacher, H. F. Diaz, R. S. Stolarsky &#038; U. Neu<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. The Focus on the Past 100 Years: An Example<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. The Observed Climate Record<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Climate Trends: Forcings and Processes<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Climate Variability and Extremes<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Chemical Changes and the Variability of the Stratosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; 7. Conclusion<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section A. The Observational Climate Record<\/strong><br \/>\nFrom the Bottom to Stratosphere &#8212; Arctic Climate Features as Seen from the First International Polar Year (1882 &#8211; 1883) Until the End of World War II \/C. L&uuml;decke<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. The First International Polar Year (1882 &#8211; 1883)<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Aerological Cross Sections in Time and Space<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.1 Introduction of Aerology to Polar Research (1906 &#8211; 1908)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2 German Geophysical Station in Spitsbergen (1911 &#8211; 1914)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.3.Crossing of Greenland (1912 &#8211; 1913)<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Modern Aerology<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1 In Search of the Glacial Anticyclone (1930 &#8211; 1931)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2 The Airship as a Measuring Platform (1931)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3 Second International Polar Year (1932 &#8211; 1933)<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Secret German Weather Stations in the Arctic During World War Ii (1941 &#8211; 1945)<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Outlook<\/p>\n<p>Arctic Sea Ice Data Sets in the Context of Climate Change During the 20th Century \/G. V. Alekseev, S. I. Kuzmina, A. P. Nagruny &#038; N. E. Ivanov<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Monthly Sea Ice Data in the Northern Hemisphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1 Walsh and Chapman Data Set<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2 Met Office Hadley Centre&#8217;s Data Set<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3 Satellite Passive Microwave Sensor Data Set<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.4 Sea Ice Data Set Created within the WMO Project &#8220;Global Digital Sea Ice Data Bank&#8221;<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.5 Monthly Sea Ice Extent in the Nordic Seas and Adjacent Areas<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.6 Monthly Sea Ice Extent in the Siberian Arctic Seas and Barents Sea<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.7 Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Data<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Interannual Variability of Sea Ice Extent and Thickness from Different Data Sets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.1 Sea Ice Extent in the Northern Hemisphere<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2 Regional Sea Ice Extent<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.1 Sea Ice Extent in the Nordic Seas and Adjacent Areas<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.2 Sea Ice Extent in the Greenland Sea, Barents Sea and Siberian Arctic Seas<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; 3.2.3 Changes in Ice Extent in the Barents Sea and Siberian Arctic Seas for Seasonal Minimum<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.3 Change of Ice Thickness in the Arctic Ocean for 1970 &#8211; 2005<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Relation Between Surface Air Temperature and Sea Ice at the Northern Hemisphere<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Conclusions<\/p>\n<p>The Evolving SST Record from ICOADS \/S. D. Woodruff, H. F. Diaz, E. C. Kent, R. W. Reynolds &#038; S. J. Worley<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. In situ SST Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1 Ship Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2 ODAS Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3 Observing System<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. ICOADS and SST<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.1 Observational Improvements<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2 Product Improvements<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Higher-level SST Products<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1 Historical Reconstructions<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2 Blended Satellite and in situ Products<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Future Directions<\/p>\n<p>Upper-Air Temperature Trends: Current Problems and Some Recent Results \/A. M. Sterin, V. M. Khan &#038; K. G. Rubinshtein<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Current Status of Empirical Upper-air Temperature trend Studies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1 Radiosonde and Satellite Data Relevant to Upper-air Temperature Trend Studies<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2 Overview of Upper-air Temperature Trend Patterns<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Comparison Between Air Temperature Trends from Radiosonde Data and Reanalyses Outputs<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Concluding Remarks: Some Problems for Future Studies<\/p>\n<p>Atmospheric Reanalyses and Climate Variations \/S. Uppala, A. Simmons, D. Dee, P. K&aring;llberg &#038; J.-N. Th&eacute;paut<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Dynamical Climate Analysis<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Historical Global Observations for Reanalyses<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. The Quality of ERA-40 Analyses<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Low-Frequency Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Improving the Reanalyses<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Data-Assimilation in Historical Periods<br \/>\n &#8211; 7. Summary<\/p>\n<p>Constructing Climate Quality Atmospheric Temperatures from Satellite Microwave Measurements \/C. A. Mears<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. An Example: Tropospheric Temperature<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Accounting for Small Difference in Measurement Frequency<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Removing the Stratospheric Influence from MSU2<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Discussion of Uncertainty in Long-term Behavior<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Extending the Microwave-based Temperature Data Sets<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 6.1 Backward in Time<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 6.2 Forward in Time<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 6.3 Upward in the Atmosphere<\/p>\n<p>Total Ozone Observations During the Past 80 Years \/S. Br&ouml;nnimann, C. Vogler, J. Staehelin, R. Storalski &#038; G. Hansen<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Measurement Techniques<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1 Ground-Based Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2 Satellite-Based Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Data<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Historical and Present Data from Polar Regions<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Conclusion and Outlook<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section B. Climate Trends: Forcings and Processes<\/strong><br \/>\nArctic Sea Ice Variability During the Last Half Century \/J. Stroeve &#038; W. Maslowski<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Summary of Ice Extent Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Modeling of Ice Thickness<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Possible Causes of the Sea Ice Reduction<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1 Impact of Atmospheric Temperatures on Sea Ice<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2 Impact of the Arctic Oscillation on Sea Ice<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3 Impact of Ocean Temperatures on Sea Ice<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Summary<\/p>\n<p>Decadal Changes in Surface Radiative Fluxes and Their Role in Global Climate Change \/M. Wild<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Observational Data on Surface Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Observed Changes in Surface Radiation<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.1 The Era of &#8220;Global Dimming&#8221; from the 1960s to the 1980s<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.2 The Era of &#8220;Global Brightening&#8221; From the 1980s to 2000<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Modelling of Global Dimming and Brightening<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Role of Global Dimming and Brightening in the Context of Global Climate Change<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.1 Impact on Global Warming<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 5.2 Impact on the Global Hydrological Cycle, Soil Moisture, and Glaciers<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Summary<\/p>\n<p>Observed Interdecadal Changes in Cloudiness: Real or Spurious? \/J. R. Norris<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Data<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Results<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Conclusions<\/p>\n<p>The Role of Land-Atmosphere Interaction for Climate Variability in Europe \/S. I. Seneviratne &#038; R. St&ouml;ckli<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Land Energy and Water Balances<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Soil Moisture &#8211; Temperature Interactions<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Soil Moisture &#8211; Precipitation Interactions<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Vegetation &#8211; Climate Interactions<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Conclusions and Outlook<\/p>\n<p>Aerosol Effects on Precipitation Locally and Globally \/U. Lohmann<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Aerosols and Heavy Precipitation Locally<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Aerosol Effects on Temperature and Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Changes in Precipitation<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Global Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Precipitation<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Summary and Conclusions<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section C. Climate Variability and Extremes<\/strong><br \/>\nHuman Activity and Climate Change in Africa \/H. Paeth<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. The Special Case of Africa<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Key Factors of Climate Variability and Change in Africa<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Sensitivity Studies with a Regional Climate Model<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Realistic Scenarios of Future Climate Change<\/p>\n<p>Impacts of Climate Variability, Trends and NAO on 20th Century European Plant Phenology \/A. Menzel, N. Estrella &#038; C. Schleip<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction to European Plant Phenology<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Observed Growing Season Changes in Recent Decades<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1 Ground-based Phenological Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2 Satellite-based and Measurement-derived Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Temporal and Spatial Variability<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Temperature and NAO Response<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Conclusions and Outlook<\/p>\n<p>Summer Heat Waves in Europe, Their Past Change and Future Projections \/P. M. Della-Marta &#038; M. Beniston<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. The Quality of Western European Observed Daily Temperature Data<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Heat Wave and Extremely Hot Temperature Changes over the Past 126 Years<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Projections of Heat Wave and Extremely Hot Temperatures<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Conclusions<\/p>\n<p>Distribution Changes of Seasonal Mean Temperature in Observations and Climate Change Scenarios \/S. C. Scherrer, M. A. Liniger &#038; C. Appenzeller<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Data<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1 Seasonal Averages of Observed Series<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2 AR4 Model Runs<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3 Regions of Interest<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Methodology<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 3.1 Displaying Distribution Changes: The MSC Diagram<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Results<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1 Distribution Changes in the Observational Period<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.1 Central European Land Region (Period 1961 &#8211; 2005)<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; 4.1.2 Extratropical Northern Hemisphere Land Regions<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2 21st-century Scenario Distribution Changes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.1 Central European Land Region<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; &#8211; 4.2.2 Extratropical Northern Hemisphere Land Regions<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.3 Differences Between TAR and AR4 Results for Central Europe<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Summary and Outlook<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section D. Chemical Changes and the Variability of the Stratosphere<\/strong><br \/>\nLong-term Tropospheric Ozone Trends: A Critical Review \/J. Staehelin &#038; C. Schnadt Poberaj<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Relevant Processes<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Overview of Available Ozone Measurements<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Ozone Trends in the Northern Extratropics<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Ozone Trends in the Tropics<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Ozone Trends in the Southern Extratropics<br \/>\n &#8211; 7. Conclusions<\/p>\n<p>Simulation of Long-term Evolution of Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry: Role of Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings \/M. Dameris &#038; R. Deckert<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Climate-Chemistry Models (CCMs)<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Results<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Summary<\/p>\n<p>Dynamical Changes in the Arctic and Antarctic Stratosphere During Spring \/U. Langematz &#038; M. Kunze<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Data<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Arctic Spring<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Antarctic Spring<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Summary<\/p>\n<p>Creating Knowledge from the Confrontation of Observations and Models: The Case of Stratospheric Ozone \/G. P. Brasseur<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Understanding Stratospheric Chemistry: The Vertical Ozone Profile<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Understanding Stratospheric Dynamics: The Meridional Ozone Distribution<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Understanding the Impact of Human Activities: The Ozone Hole<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Conclusions<\/p>\n<p>Reponse of the Earth&#8217;s Atmosphere to the Solar Irradiance Variability \/E. Rozanov, T. Egorova &#038; W. Schmutz<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Spectral Solar Irradiance Variability and its Direct Influence on the Temperature and Ozone in the Middle Atmosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Downward Propagation of the Solar Signal<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Simulations of the Solar Signal in the Atmosphere and Comparison with Observations<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Solar Variability and Temperature Trends in the Upper Stratosphere<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Conclusions<\/p>\n<p>Stratospheric Ozone Variations Caused by Solar Proton Events Between 1963 and 2005 \/C. H. Jackman &#038; E. L. Fleming<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Proton Fluxes: Odd Hydrogen (HOx) and Odd Nitrogen (NOy) Production<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.1 Proton Fluxes<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.2 Odd Hydrogen (HOx) Production<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 2.3 Odd Nitrogen (NOy) Production<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. GSFC Two-Dimensional Model Description and Simulations<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Short-term Impact on Ozone<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Long-term Impact on Ozone<br \/>\n &#8211; 6. Conclusions<\/p>\n<p>Susnpots, the QBO, and the Stratosphere in the North Polar Region: An Update \/K. Labitzke, M. Kunze &#038; S. Br&ouml;nnimann<br \/>\n &#8211; 1. Introduction<br \/>\n &#8211; 2. Data and Methods<br \/>\n &#8211; 3. Trends at 30 hPa Over the Arctic<br \/>\n &#8211; 4. Influence of the 11-Year Sunspot Cycle on the Stratosphere in Late Winter<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.1 The Arctic Stratosphere Since 1942<br \/>\n &#8211; &#8211; 4.2 The Northern Hemisphere Stratosphere Since 1948<br \/>\n &#8211; 5. Summary<\/p>\n<p>Index<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stefan Br&ouml;nnimann, J&uuml;rg Luterbacher, Tracy Ewen, Henry F. Diaz, Richard S. Stolarski &#038; Urs Neu  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10290","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dokusyo-memo-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10290","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10290"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10290\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10633,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10290\/revisions\/10633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10290"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10290"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/macroscope.world.coocan.jp\/yukukawa\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10290"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}