FUKUZAWA Yukichi, 1875; Translated by David A. DILWORTH and G. Cameron HURST, 1973: An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, Tokyo: Sophia University [UNESCO Collection of Representative Works].

What, then, does civilization mean? I say that it refers to the attainment of both material well-being and the elevation of the human spirit. It means both abundance of daily necessities and esteem of human refinement. Is this civilization if only the former is fulfilled? The goal of life does not lie in food and clothes alone. If that were man's goal, he would be no different from an ant or a bee. This cannot be what Heaven has intended for man. ...

By material well-being and spiritual refinement is meant a state in which these two aspects are really making progress, and by civilization is meant the progress of both man's well-being and his refinement. Since what produces man's well-being and refinement if knowledge and virtue, civilization ultimately means the progress of man's knowledge and virtue. [p. 37]