Richard B. BRANDT, ed., 1962: Social Justice. Englewood Cliffs NJ USA: Prentice-Hall, 171 pp.

Kenneth E. BOULDING: Social Justice in Social Dynamics. p. 73 - 92.

The concept of justice is profoundly two-dimensional. It encompasses on one hand, what might be called "disalienation," that is, the idea that nobody should be alienated from the society in which he lives. This is the aspect of justice which is reflected in the struggle for equality; the equality of individuals before the law, the equality of racial and religious groups in the culture as well as before the law and, in its extreme form, equality of income. The concept here is a familistic one -- society is conceived as a great family from whose table not even the humblest of her members shall be excluded.

The second dimension of justice is the concept of desert. In a just society, each gets what he deserves, neither more nor less. [p. 83]

[[Discussion about the tension (dilemma) between the two principles follows, with the example of a sick person.]]

[[The Cuban example comes before the next quotation.]]

Economic development is not just a process of growth; it involves the radical reorganization of society itself. There is a stage, however, in any progress of economic development at which only part of the society has been transformed. At this stage, since there are likely to be wide disparities of income between the transformed parts and the untransformed parts of the economy, development seems to have been purchased at the expense of social justice. This may be seen on a world scale today: in the eighteenth century, the per capita income in the richest country was probably not more than four or five times the per capita income of the poorest; now, the per capita income of the richest country is about forty times the per capita income of the poorest. This is not the result of exploitation but because of different rates of growth. [p. 91 - 92]