Seasonal cycle of surface energy balance on land and sea

Locations and vegetation (forest, grassland, desert, tundra [Matthews, 1984])

Energy balance of the surface (infinitesimally thin layer)
 Rnet = H - LE - G
Rnet=net radiation (downward positive) = downard rad. - upward rad.
H=sensible heat transport (upward positive)
LE=latent heat transport of evaporation (upward positive)
G=sub-surface energy exchange (downward positive)
Values shown on the next page are those calculated by a forecast model
(ECMWF 15-year Re-Analsis, average between 1979 and 1993).
G is calculated as the residual of the energy balance equation.