A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation (Petty)

• Grant W. PETTY, 2004; Second Edition 2006: A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation. Madison WI USA: Sundog Publishing (http://www.sundogpublishing.com/).

Table of contents

This table is based on the table of contents of the First Edition (2004) which was available at the publisher (http://www.sundogpublishing.com/AtmosRad/Excerpts/AtmosRadTOC.pdf as of 2011-Jan-16), and modified by K. Masuda incorporating information of the Second Edition (2006).

Two sets of page numbers are shown. The left one is of the First Edition, and the right one is of the Second Edition.

• Preface to the Second Edition:@:iii:
• Preface to the First Edition:iii:v
• Contents:v:vii
• 1. Introduction:1:1
  • 1.1 Relevance for Climate and Weather:1:1
    • 1.1.1 Solar Radiation:2:2
    • 1.1.2 Thermal Infrared Radiation:3:3
    • 1.1.3 The Global Heat Engine:4:4
    • 1.1.4 Components of the Earth's Energy Budget:@:6
  • 1.2 Relevance for Remote Sensing: 6:7
• 2 Properties of Radiation:9:11
  • 2.1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation:9:11
  • 2.2 Frequency:14:16
    • 2.2.1 Frequency Decomposition:16:18
    • 2.2.2 Broadband vs Monochromatic Radiation:17:19
  • 2.3 Polarization:18:20
  • 2.4 Energy:20:22
  • 2.5 A Mathematical Description of EM [Electro-Magnetic] Waves:22:24
  • 2.6 Quantum Properties of Radiation:28:31
  • 2.7 Flux and Intensity:30:33
    • 2.7.1 Flux:31:33
    • 2.7.2 Intensity:32:35
    • 2.7.3 Relationship between Flux and Intensity:43:46
  • 2.8 Applications:46:49
    • 2.8.1 Global Insolation:47:49
    • 2.8.2 Regional and Seasonal Distribution of Insolation:47:50
• 3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum:52:55
  • 3.1 Frequency, Wavelength and Wavenumber:53:56
  • 3.2 Major Spectral Bands:54:57
    • 3.2.1 Gamma Rays and X-Rays:58:61
    • 3.2.2 Ultraviolet Band:58:61
    • 3.2.3 Visible Band:60:63
    • 3.2.4 Infrared Band:61:64
    • 3.2.5 Microwave and Radio Bands:63:66
  • 3.3 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation:65:68
  • 3.4 Applications:66:69
    • 3.4.1 UV Radiation and Ozone:66:69
• 4 Reflection and Refraction:71:74
  • 4.1 A Closer Look at N:73:76
    • 4.1.1 The Real Part:73:76
    • 4.1.2 The Imaginary Part:73:76
    • 4.1.3 The Dielectric Constant:76:79
    • 4.1.4 Optical Properties of Heterogeneous Mixtures:77:80
  • 4.2 Refraction and Reflection:79:82
    • 4.2.1 Angle of Reflection:79:82
    • 4.2.2 Angle of Refraction:81:84
    • 4.2.3 Reflectivity:83:86
  • 4.3 Applications:87:90
    • 4.3.1 Rainbows and Halos:87:90
• 5 Radiative Properties of Natural Surfaces:93:96
  • 5.1 Natural Surfaces Idealized as Planar Boundaries:94:97
  • 5.2 Absorptivity and Reflectivity:95:98
    • 5.2.1 Examples of Reflectivity Spectra:96:99
    • 5.2.2 The Graybody Approximation:97:100
  • 5.3 Angular Distribution of Reflected Radiation:99:102
    • 5.3.1 Specular and Lambertian Reflection:99:102
    • 5.3.2 Reflection in the General Case:102:105
  • 5.4 Applications:104:107
    • 5.4.1 Solar Heating of Surfaces:104:107
    • 5.4.2 Satellite Imaging at Visible and Near-IR Wavelengths:106:109
• 6 Thermal Emission:110:113
  • 6.1 Blackbody Radiation:112:115
    • 6.1.1 Planck's Function:114:117
    • 6.1.2 Wien's Displacement Law:117:120
    • 6.1.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law:118:122
    • 6.1.4 Rayleigh-Jeans Approximation:119:123
  • 6.2 Emissivity:120:123
    • 6.2.1 Monochromatic Emissivity:120:124
    • 6.2.2 Graybody Emissivity:121:124
    • 6.2.3 Kirchhoff's Law:122:125
    • 6.2.4 Brightness Temperature:124:127
  • 6.3 When Does Thermal Emission Matter?:126:130
  • 6.4 Applications:128:132
    • 6.4.1 Radiative Equilibrium in a Vacuum:129:133
    • 6.4.2 Top-of-the-Atmosphere Global Radiation Balance:132:136
    • 6.4.3 Simple Radiative Models of the Atmosphere:134:139
    • 6.4.4 Nighttime Radiative Cooling:139:144
    • 6.4.5 Radiative Cooling at Cloud Top:141:146
    • 6.4.6 IR Imaging from Space:143:148
    • 6.4.7 Microwave Imaging from Space:146:151
• 7 Atmospheric Transmission:149:155
  • 7.1 Extinction, Scattering and Absorption Coefficients:153:159
  • 7.2 Extinction Over a Finite Path:154:160
    • 7.2.1 Fundamental Relationships:154:160
    • 7.2.2 Mass Extinction Coefficient:157:163
    • 7.2.3 Extinction Cross-Section:160:166
    • 7.2.4 Generalization to Scattering and Absorption:161:167
    • 7.2.5 Generalization to Arbitrary Mixtures of Components:162:168
  • 7.3 Plane Parallel Approximation:163:169
    • 7.3.1 Definition:165:171
    • 7.3.2 Optical Depth as Vertical Coordinate:167:173
  • 7.4 Applications:168:174
    • 7.4.1 The Transmission Spectrum of the Atmosphere:168:174
    • 7.4.2 Measuring Solar Intensity from the Ground:179:185
    • 7.4.3 Transmittance in an Exponential Atmosphere:181:187
    • 7.4.4 Optical Thickness and Transmittance of a Cloud Layer:187:194
• 8 Atmospheric Emission:197:204
  • 8.1 Schwarzschild's Equation:198:205
  • 8.2 Radiative Transfer in a Plane Parallel Atmosphere:203:210
    • 8.2.1 The Emissivity of the Atmosphere:204:211
    • 8.2.2 Monochromatic Flux:205:212
    • 8.2.3 Surface Contributions to Upward Intensity:208:215
  • 8.3 Applications:210:217
    • 8.3.1 The Spectrum of Atmospheric Emission:211:219
    • 8.3.2 Satellite Retrieval of Temperature Profiles:221:228
    • 8.3.3 Water Vapor Imagery:225:233
• 9 Absorption by Atmospheric Gases:229:236
  • 9.1 Basis for Molecular Absorption/Emission:231:238
  • 9.2 Absorption/Emission Lines:233:240
    • 9.2.1 Rotational Transitions:236:243
    • 9.2.2 Vibrational Transitions:244:251
    • 9.2.3 Electronic Transitions:249:256
    • 9.2.4 Combined Energy Transitions and Associated Spectra:251:258
  • 9.3 Line Shapes:251:258
    • 9.3.1 Generic Description of Lines:253:260
    • 9.3.2 Doppler Broadening:254:261
    • 9.3.3 Pressure Broadening:256:263
    • 9.3.4 Comparing Doppler and Pressure Broadening:258:266
  • 9.4 Continuum Absorption:260:267
    • 9.4.1 Photoionization:260:268
    • 9.4.2 Photodissociation:261:268
    • 9.4.3 Continuum Absorption by Water Vapor:262:269
  • 9.5 Applications:264:270
    • 9.5.1 Atmospheric Absorbers in the IR Band:264:270
• 10 Broadband Fluxes and Heating Rates:273:280
  • 10.1 Line-by-line Calculations:274:281
  • 10.2 Band Transmission Models:279:286
    • 10.2.1 Absorption by an Isolated Line:281:288
    • 10.2.2 Defining a Band Model:286:293
    • 10.2.3 The Elsasser Band Model:287:294
    • 10.2.4 The Random/Malkmus Band Model:290:297
    • 10.2.5 The HCG [van de Hulst / Curtis / Godson] Approximation:291:298
  • 10.3 The k-Distribution Method:292:299
    • 10.3.1 Homogeneous Path:293:300
    • 10.3.2 Inhomogeneous Path: Correlated-k:296:303
  • 10.4 Applications:299:306
    • 10.4.1 Fluxes and Radiative Heating/Cooling:299:206
• 11 RTE [The Radiative Transfer Equations] With Scattering:313:320
  • 11.1 When Does Scattering Matter?:314:321
  • 11.2 Radiative Transfer Equation with Scattering:315:322
    • 11.2.1 Differential Form:315:322
    • 11.2.2 Polarized Scattering:317:324
    • 11.2.3 Plane Parallel Atmosphere:318:324
  • 11.3 The Scattering Phase Function:319:326
    • 11.3.1 Isotropic Scattering:320:327
    • 11.3.2 The Asymmetry Parameter:322:329
    • 11.3.3 The Henyey-Greenstein Phase Function:324:330
  • 11.4 Single vs. Multiple Scattering:325:332
  • 11.5 Applications:329:336
    • 11.5.1 Intensity of Skylight:329:336
    • 11.5.2 Horizontal Visibility:331:338
• 12 Scattering and Absorption By Particles:336:343
  • 12.1 Atmospheric Particles:337:344
    • 12.1.1 Overview:337:344
    • 12.1.2 Relevant Properties:338:345
  • 12.2 Scattering by Small Particles:340:347
    • 12.2.1 Dipole Radiation:340:347
    • 12.2.2 The Rayleigh Phase Function:344:351
    • 12.2.3 Polarization:346:353
    • 12.2.4 Scattering and Absorption Efficiencies:347:354
  • 12.3 Scattering by Spheres -- Mie Theory:351:358
    • 12.3.1 Extinction Efficiency for Nonabsorbing Sphere:352:359
    • 12.3.2 Extinction and Scattering by Absorbing Spheres:356:363
    • 12.3.3 Scattering Phase Function:358:365
  • 12.4 Distributions of Particles:365:372
  • 12.5 Applications:366:373
    • 12.5.1 The Scattering Properties of Clouds:366:373
    • 12.5.2 Radar Observations of Precipitation:369:375
    • 12.5.3 Microwave Remote Sensing and Clouds:375:381
• 13 Radiative Transfer with Multiple Scattering:381:387
  • 13.1 Visualizing Multiple Scattering:383:389
  • 13.2 The Two-Stream Method:386:392
    • 13.2.1 Azimuthally Averaged RTE:386:392
    • 13.2.2 The Two-Stream Approximation:387:393
    • 13.2.3 Solution:392:398
  • 13.3 Semi-Infinite Cloud:394:400
    • 13.3.1 Albedo:395:401
    • 13.3.2 Flux and Heating Rate Profile:398:404
  • 13.4 Nonabsorbing Cloud:400:406
  • 13.5 General Case:402:408
    • 13.5.1 Albedo, Transmittance, and Absorptance:403:409
    • 13.5.2 Direct and Diffuse Transmittance:403:412
    • 13.5.3 Semi-Infinite Cloud as Approximation:408:414
  • 13.6 Similarity Transformations;410:416
  • 13.7 Clouds Over Non-Black Surfaces:411:418
  • 13.8 Multiple Cloud Layers:416:423
  • 13.9 Accurate solution methods:418:424
• A Representing the Phase Function:421:427
  • A.1 Legendre Polynomial Expansion:421:427
  • A.2 δ-Scaling of the Phase Function:424:430
• B Symbols Used:@:438
• BC Further Reading:431:445
• CD Useful Physical and Astronomical Constants:433:447
• Index:434:448
• Ordering Information:446:459